Hopílavayi
Hopi
Uto-azteca
L’hopi (Hopílavayi; ISO 639-3: hop) è una lingua uto-azteca parlata da circa 5.000–7.100 persone nei villaggi situati sui tre altopiani e nei loro dintorni, nella Riserva Hopi dell’Arizona nordorientale, negli Stati Uniti. Comprende diverse varietà di villaggio associate al Primo, Secondo e Terzo altopiano; la varietà del Terzo altopiano è particolarmente ben documentata nel dizionario Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni, che contiene 30.000 lemmi. In hopi il verbo si colloca normalmente alla fine della proposizione e un ricco sistema di suffissi marca aspetto, numero, direzione e altre categorie grammaticali. L’ortografia pratica a base latina distingue vocali lunghe e brevi e rappresenta l’occlusiva glottidale con un apostrofo. La trasmissione intergenerazionale si è indebolita, ma scuole, corsi comunitari, dizionari e materiali didattici prodotti localmente sostengono l’uso continuato e la rivitalizzazione.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in hopi
kaphe
Fonti
- Hopi Dictionary Project (1998), Hopi Dictionary / Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English Dictionary of the Third Mesa Dialect, University of Arizona Press (via en.wiktionary Hopi lemmas citing it); Albert, Roy & David Leedom Shaul (1985), A Concise Hopi and English Lexicon, John Benjamins
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Uto-azteca
| Significato | Hopi | Proto-uto-azteco | Comanche | Paiute settentrionale | Nahuatl dell'istmo | Nahuatl classico | Cora |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | paahu /paːhɨ/ | *paʔ /paʔ/ | paa /paː/ | paa /paː/ | a̱ꞌti /aːʔti/ | ātl /aːtɬ/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ |
| Fuoco | qööhi /qøːhi/ | *na- /na/ | kuuna /kuːna/ | kosso /kosːo/ | tiꞌti /tiʔti/ | tlētl /tɬeːtɬ/ | taʼai /taʔai/ |
| Sole | taawa /tɑːwɑ/ | *ta /ta/ | taabe /taːbe/ | taba /tapa/ | to̱nati̱ꞌ /toːnatiːʔ/ | tōnatiuh /toːnatiw/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ |
| Luna | muuyaw /muːjɑw/ | *mɨca /mɨca/ | mʉa /mɨa/ | muha /mɨha/ | me̱tzti /meːtsti/ | mētztli /meːtstɬi/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ |
| Stella | soohu /soːhɨ/ | — /—/ | tatsinuupi /tatsinuːpi/ | pasohoobʉ /pasohoːbɨ/ | si̱talin /siːtalin/ | cītlālin /siːˈtɬaːlin/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ |
| Notte | tookila /toːkila/ | *tuku /tuku/ | tukaani /tukaːni/ | tukano /tukano/ | yóhual /ˈjowal/ | yohualli /joːwalːi/ | tika /tika/ |
| Pioggia | yooyangw /joːjaŋʷ/ | *yuku /juku/ | ʉmaarʉ /ɨmaːɾɨ/ | paumaba /paumapa/ | tiahua̱ꞌ /tiawaːʔ/ | quiyahuitl /kiˈjawitɬ/ | biite /biːte/ |
| Neve | nuva /nɨva/ | — | tahkabi /tahkabi/ | nɨbabi /nɨpapi/ | — | cepayahuitl /sepaˈjawitɬ/ | seeri /seːɾi/ |
| Vento | hùukyangw /hùːkjaŋʷ/ | *hɨka /hɨka/ | nʉepi /nɨepi/ | hɨkwaba /hɨkʷapa/ | ejecaꞌ /ehekaʔ/ | ehecatl /eˈhekatɬ/ | eeca /eːka/ |
| Terra | tutskwa /ˈtɨtskʷa/ | — | sokobi /sokobi/ | tiipü /tiːpɨ/ | ta̱jli /taːhli/ | tlālli /tɬaːlːi/ | chuej /tʃweh/ |
| Pietra | owa /ˈʔowa/ | *tɨn /tɨn/ | tʉpi /tɨpi/ | tɨppi /tɨpːi/ | teꞌti /teʔti/ | tetl /tetɬ/ | teté /teˈte/ |
| Montagna | tuukwi /tɨːkʷi/ | *yohawi /johawi/ | — | kaipa /kaipa/ | tepe̱ꞌ /tepeːʔ/ | tepētl /ˈtepeːtɬ/ | jɨrí /hɨˈri/ |
| Mare | paatuwaqatsi /paːtɨwaqatsi/ | *mɨma /mɨma/ | — | — | láma̱r /ˈlamaːr/ | hueyatl /ˈweːjaːtɬ/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ |
| Madre | yuʼat /juʔɑt/ | — /—/ | pia /pia/ | pia /pia/ | te̱ye̱ꞌ /teːjeːʔ/ | nāntli /naːntɬi/ | naana /naːna/ |
| Padre | naʼat /nɑʔɑt/ | *owa /owa/ | ahpʉ /ahpɨ/ | naa /naː/ | te̱taj /teːtah/ | tahtli /tahtɬi/ | hahuá /hahwa/ |
| Io | nuʼ /nɨʔ/ | *nɨ /nɨ/ | nʉ /nɨ/ | nʉʉ /nɨː/ | nej /neh/ | nehhuātl /neʔˈwaːtɬ/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ |
| Tu | um /ʔɨm/ | *ʔɨ /ʔɨ/ | ʉnʉ /ɨnɨ/ | ʉʉ /ɨː/ | tej /teh/ | tehhuātl /teʔˈwaːtɬ/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ |
| Noi | itam /ʔitam/ | — /—/ | tanʉ / nʉnʉ /tanɨ / nɨnɨ/ | tami / nʉmi /tami / nɨmi/ | tejame̱n / nejame̱n /tehameːn / nehameːn/ | tehhuāntin /teʔˈwaːntin/ | ta /ta/ |
| Nome | tungwni /tɨŋʷni/ | *tewa /tewa/ | nahnia /nahnia/ | nia /niʔa/ | to̱ca̱ꞌ /toːkaːʔ/ | tōcāitl /toːˈkaːitɬ/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ |
| Persona | sino /sino/ | *takaC /takaC/ | nʉmʉ /ˈnɨmɨ/ | nɨmɨ /nɨmɨ/ | — | tlācatl /tɬaːkatɬ/ | tebi /tebi/ |
| Testa | qötö /qøtø/ | *moʔo /moʔo/ | paapi /paːpi/ | kwo /kʷo/ | tzontecon /tsontekon/ | cuāitl /kʷaːitɬ/ | muʼú /muˈʔu/ |
| Occhio | poosi /poːsi/ | *pusi /pusi/ | puui /puːi/ | pui /pui/ | i̱xti /iːʃti/ | īxtli /iːʃtɬi/ | húi /hwi/ |
| Orecchio | naqvu /naqvɨ/ | *naka /naka/ | naki /naki/ | naka /naka/ | nacas /nakas/ | nacaztli /nakastɬi/ | naxai /naʃai/ |
| Naso | yaqa /jaqa/ | *yaka /jaka/ | — | mupi /muβi/ | yacti /jakti/ | yacatl /jakatɬ/ | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ |
| Bocca | moʼa /moʔa/ | *tɨʔni /tɨʔni/ | tʉpe /tɨpe/ | tɨppa /tɨpːa/ | te̱nti /teːnti/ | camatl /kamatɬ/ | teni /teni/ |
| Dente | tama /tama/ | *tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | tanti /tanti/ | tlantli /tɬantɬi/ | tame /tame/ |
| Lingua | lengi /leŋi/ | *nene /nene/ | eeko /eːko/ | eho /exo/ | le̱nguaj /leːnɡʷah/ | nenepilli /nenepilːi/ | nanu /nanu/ |
| Mano | maaʼt /mɑːʔt/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | moʼo /moʔo/ | mai /mai/ | mayiꞌ /majiʔ/ | māitl /maːitɬ/ | mam /mam/ |
| Piede | kukʼat /kukʔat/ | *tala /tala/ | naape /naːpe/ | kuku /kuku/ | icxi /ikʃi/ | icxitl /ikʃitɬ/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ |
| Cuore | unangwa /ʔunaŋʷa/ | *sula /sula/ | pihi /pihi/ | piwi /piwi/ | iya̱lmaj /ijaːlmah/ | yōllōtl /joːlːoːtɬ/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ |
| Osso | öqa /ʔøqa/ | *ohomï-ta /ohomɨta/ | tsuhnipʉ /tsuhnipɨ/ | oho /oho/ | omiꞌ /omiʔ/ | omitl /omitɬ/ | ɨka /ɨka/ |
| Sangue | ungwa /ʔuŋʷa/ | *ɨtwa /ɨtwa/ | — /—/ | puupe /pɨːpːi/ | esti /esti/ | eztli /esˈtɬi/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ |
| Amore | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | suabetɨ /suapetɨ/ | quinequi /kineki/ | tlazōhtla /tɬasoːhtɬa/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ |
| Albero | hotski /hotski/ | *kut /kut/ | huupi /huːpi/ | hupi /hupi/ | cuahuiꞌ /kʷawiʔ/ | cuahuitl /kʷawitɬ/ | kɨré /kɨre/ |
| Cane | pòoko /pòːko/ | *woci /woci/ | sarii /saɾiː/ | saduʼu /satɨʔɨ/ | pe̱lo /peːlo/ | itzcuīntli /itskʷiːntɬi/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ |
| Gatto | moosa /moːsa/ | — /—/ | waʔoo /waʔoː/ | mosa /mosa/ | misto̱n /mistoːn/ | mīztōn /miːstoːn/ | mistú /mistu/ |
| Pesce | pakiw /pakiw/ | *paki /paki/ | pekwi /pekʷi/ | pakwi /pakʷi/ | to̱poj /toːpoh/ | michin /mitʃin/ | sasa /sasa/ |
| Uccello | tsiro /tsiro/ | — | huutsuu /huːtsuː/ | hucipa /hutsipa/ | to̱to̱ꞌ /toːtoːʔ/ | tōtōtl /toːtoːtɬ/ | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ |
| Uovo | nöhu /nøhɨ/ | — | noyo /nojo/ | noho /noho/ | itecsis /iteksis/ | tōtoltetl /toːtoltetɬ/ | taʼu /taʔu/ |
| Orso | hoonawu /hoːnawɨ/ | — | — | padooa /pʰaɾua/ | oso /oso/ | tlācamāyeh /tɬaːkamaːjeʔ/ | juutzeʼe /huːtseʔe/ |
| Cavallo | kawayo /kawajo/ | — | puuku /puːku/ | puku /puku/ | cahua̱yoj /kaˈwaːjoh/ | cahuallo /kaˈwaːlːo/ | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ |
| Casa | kiihu /kiːhɨ/ | *ki /ki/ | kahni /kahni/ | nobi /nopi/ | cajli /kahli/ | calli /kalːi/ | kíh /kih/ |
| Latte | piihu /piːhɨ/ | — | — | — | chi̱chihuala̱ꞌ /tʃiːtʃiwalaːʔ/ | chīchīhualāyōtl /tʃiːtʃiːwalaːjoːtɬ/ | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ |
| Miele | momospala /momospala/ | — | — | nodda pehabe /noda pehape/ | necti /nekti/ | neuctli /nekʷtɬi/ | sarate /saɾate/ |
| Sale | öönga /ʔøːŋa/ | *ona /ona/ | — | ongabe /oŋabe/ | istaꞌ /istaʔ/ | iztatl /istatɬ/ | unáj /unah/ |
| Vino | ovavala /ʔovavala/ | — | — | — | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | viinu /ˈbiːnu/ |
| Riso | aamori /aːmori/ | — | — | — | arro̱j /aroːh/ | — | — |
| Ruota | ngöla /ŋøla/ | — | — | — | — | temalacatl /temalakatɬ/ | — |
| Libro | tutuveni /tɨtɨveni/ | — | — | — | a̱maꞌ /aːmaʔ/ | āmoxtli /aːˈmoʃtɬi/ | liibru /ˈliːbɾu/ |
| Mangiare | nöösa /nøːsa/ | *kwaʔa /kwaʔa/ | tʉhkarʉ /tɨhkaɾɨ/ | tɨka /tɨka/ | tacua /takʷa/ | tlacua /tɬakʷa/ | kuá /kwa/ |
| Bere | hiiko /hiːko/ | *hiʔpa /hiʔpa/ | hibi /hibi/ | hibi /hipi/ | a̱ti /aːti/ | ātli /aːtɬi/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ |
| Dormire | puuwi /pɨːwi/ | *koci /koci/ | ʉʉpʉi /ɨːpɨi/ | ɨwi /ɨwi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ | cochi /kotʃi/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ |
| Uno | suukyaʼ /suːkjɑʔ/ | *sɨmɨ /sɨmɨ/ | sʉmʉ /sɨmɨ/ | simɨ /simɨ/ | se̱ /seː/ | cē /seː/ | cei /tsei/ |
| Due | lööyöʼ /løːjøʔ/ | *wo /wo/ | waha /waha/ | waha /waha/ | o̱me /oːme/ | ōme /ˈoːme/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ |
| Tre | paayom /paːjom/ | *pahi /pahi/ | pahiitʉ /pahiːtɨ/ | pahe /pahe/ | e̱yi /eːji/ | yei /jeːi/ | waika /waika/ |
| Quattro | naalöyöm /naːløjøm/ | *na-wakay /nawakaj/ | — | wasugwe /wasuɡwe/ | na̱hui /naːwi/ | nāhui /naːwi/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ |
| Cinque | tsivot /tsivot/ | *cipo /cipo/ | moʼobetʉ /moʔoˈbetɨ/ | manigiʼyu /maniɡiʔju/ | cinco /sinko/ | mācuīlli /maːˈkʷiːlːi/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ |
| Ciao | tàlawva /tàːlawva/ | — /—/ | marʉawe /maɾɨawe/ | maikwa /maikwa/ | — /—/ | niltze /niltse/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ |
| Grazie | askwali /ʔaskʷali/ | — /—/ | ʉra /ɨɾa/ | pesa /pesa/ | gracias /ɡrasjas/ | tlazōhcāmati /tɬasoːhkaːmati/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ |
| Buono | hopii /hopiː/ | — /—/ | tsaatʉ /tsaːtɨ/ | pesa /pesa/ | ye̱cti /jeːkti/ | cualli /kʷalːi/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ |
| Nuovo | puuhu /pɨːhɨ/ | *pɨtuwa /pɨtuwa/ | ʉkʉ /ɨkɨ/ | pɨdɨ /pɨtɨ/ | yancuiꞌ /jankʷiʔ/ | yancuic /jankʷik/ | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ |
| Rosso | paalangpu /paːlaŋpɨ/ | — /—/ | ekapi /ekapi/ | atsa /atʰsa/ | chi̱ltiꞌ /tʃiːltiʔ/ | chichiltic /tʃitʃiltik/ | sabí /saˈbi/ |
| Bianco | qöötsa /qøːtsa/ | *tosa /tosa/ | tosaʼ /tosaʔ/ | toha /toha/ | ista̱ꞌ /istaːʔ/ | iztāc /istaːk/ | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ |
| Nero | qömvi /qømvi/ | *tuku /tuku/ | — | tuhu /tuhu/ | pi̱stiꞌ /piːstiʔ/ | tlīltic /tɬiːltik/ | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ |
| Verde | sakwa /sakʷa/ | — | — | puhi /puhi/ | xoxoctiꞌ /ʃoʃoktiʔ/ | xoxoctic /ʃoʃoktik/ | jamuámua /haˈmwamwa/ |
| Blu | sakwa /sakʷa/ | — | — | puhi /puhi/ | aso̱ltiꞌ /asoːltiʔ/ | texotli /teʃohtɬi/ | — |
| Cuculo | hospoa /hosˈpoa/ | — | — /—/ | poboyoohaʼa /poboˈjoːhaʔa/ | — | metlapīltetzotzontzin /metɬapiːltetsotsoˈtsontsin/ | — |
| Tè | nàapi /nàːpi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caffè | kaphe | — | — | — | capej /kapeh/ | — | — |
| Arancia | olentsi /ʔolentsi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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