Nlaka'pamuctsin
Thompson
salish
Il thompson (Nlaka'pamuctsin, «la lingua dei Nlaka'pamux») è una lingua salish del ramo salish dell'Interno, parlata dal popolo Nlaka'pamux dei canyon del Thompson e del Fraser, nella Columbia Britannica meridionale. Il territorio nlaka'pamux è famoso per le spettacolari formazioni geologiche di Hells Gate, Hope-Princeton e Lytton. Il thompson conserva i tratti tipologici classici delle lingue salish: allineamento ergativo-assolutivo con ergatività scissa, complessa morfologia verbale polipersonale, consonanti glottalizzate e serie di consonanti post-velari/uvulari. La grammatica di riferimento di Thompson & Thompson (1992) è la principale documentazione moderna. Dagli anni '90 è in corso un'attiva rivitalizzazione linguistica attraverso la First Nations Language Authority of BC e il Nlaka'pamux Tribal Council.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in thompson
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Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: salish
| Significato | Thompson | Squamish | Nuxalk | Kwak'wala | Kaqchikel | Yurok | Páez |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | stáḵw /staqʷ/ | qla /qla/ | ʼwap /ʔwap/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | yuʼ /juʔ/ |
| Fuoco | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | sḵwiḵw /sqʷiqʷ/ | niiχʷ /niːχʷ/ | la̱ḵ̕wa̱s /ləqʼʷəs/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | ipx /ipʲ/ |
| Sole | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | snéḵwem /sneqʷəm/ | snχ /snχ/ | ƛʼisa̱la /tɬʼisəla/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | woygey /wojɡej/ | sek /sek/ |
| Luna | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | lh7álha /ɬʔaɬa/ | ƛ̓ukʼ /tɬʼukʼ/ | ʼma̱kwa̱la /ʔməkʷəla/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | aʼte /aʔte/ |
| Stella | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | kwekwtsi7 /kʷəkʷtsiʔ/ | mixmikʼł /mixmikʼɬ/ | t̓ut̓u /tʼutʼu/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | ãʼ /ãʔ/ |
| Notte | sitist /sitist/ | nat /nat/ | ʔnƛ̓ /ʔntɬʼ/ | g̱anutł /ɢanutɬ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | nascewen /nastsewen/ | kus /kus/ |
| Pioggia | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | sʔałwlał /sʔaɬwlaɬ/ | ʼyugwa /ʔjuɡʷa/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | ten /ten/ | nus /nus/ |
| Neve | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | máḵa7 /maqaʔ/ | pqʼʷ /pqʷʼ/ | neʼ /neʔ/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | yãdx /jãdʲ/ |
| Vento | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | — | yola /jola/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | wejxa /wexʲa/ |
| Terra | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | temíxw /təmixʷ/ | kułulmx /kuɬulmx/ | a̱wiʼnak̕wa̱s /ʔəwiʔnakʷʼəs/ | ulew /uleːw/ | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | kiwe /kiwe/ |
| Pietra | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | smant /smant/ | tʼχt /tʼχt/ | tʼisa̱m /tʼisəm/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | kwet /kwet/ |
| Montagna | sqʷə́m /sqʷəm/ | smánit /smanit/ | smt /smt/ | na̱ge /nəɡe/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | — | vxiç wala /βʲits wala/ |
| Madre | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | chésha7 /tʃeʃaʔ/ | stan /stan/ | a̱ba̱mp /əbəmp/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | kokos /kokos/ | mama /mama/ |
| Padre | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | smas /smas/ | man /man/ | ump /ʔump/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | nopew /nopew/ | tata /tata/ |
| Io | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | en /ʔən/ | ʔnc /ʔnts/ | nugwaʼam /nuɡʷaʔam/ | rïn /rɪn/ | nek /nek/ | adx /adʲ/ |
| Tu | enwi /ʔənwi/ | chexw /tʃəxʷ/ | ʔinu /ʔinu/ | suʼ /suʔ/ | rat /rat/ | keʼl /keʔl/ | idx /idʲ/ |
| Noi | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | numalh /numaɬ/ | łmił /ɬmiɬ/ | nugwaʼnts / nugwaʼnuʼxw /nuɡʷaʔnts / nuɡʷaʔnuʔxʷ/ | röj /rʊx/ | nekah /nekah/ | kweʼsx /kweʔʃ/ |
| Nome | skʷést /skʷest/ | sna /sna/ | skʷacta /skʷatsta/ | dłig̱a̱m /dɮiɢəm/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | yase /jase/ |
| Occhio | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | ḵlum̓ /qlumʔ/ | qluqʼs /qluqʼs/ | g̱a̱ʼyag̱a̱s /ɢəʔjaɢəs/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | yafx /jaɸʲ/ |
| Orecchio | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | tanksta /tanksta/ | pʼa̱spʼa̱ʼyu /pʼəspʼəʔju/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | thũʼwẽ /tʰũʔwẽ/ |
| Naso | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | maaχsa /maːχsa/ | xa̱ndzas /xəndzas/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | ĩç /ĩts/ |
| Bocca | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | cucn /tsutsn/ | sa̱ms /səms/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | yuwe /juwe/ |
| Dente | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | yenis /jənis/ | ʔica /ʔitsa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ey /ej/ | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | kiʼth /kiʔtʰ/ |
| Lingua | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | alhthal /aɬθaɬ/ | tica /titsa/ | k̓a̱la̱m /kʼələm/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | ipl /ipɬ/ | thune /tʰune/ |
| Mano | kéyx /kejx/ | chálash /tʃalaʃ/ | suxa /suxa/ | aʼyaʼsu /aʔjaʔsu/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | mehl /mehl/ | kuse /kuse/ |
| Piede | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | — | ʼixa /ʔixa/ | gugwa̱ʼyu /ɡuɡʷəʔju/ | aqän /aqən/ | mechkah /metʃkah/ | čida /tʃida/ |
| Cuore | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | stúlich /stulitʃ/ | skcułk /sktsuɬk/ | noḵeʼ /nɔqeʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | ũus /ũːs/ |
| Osso | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | shaw7 /ʃawʔ/ | cap /tsap/ | x̱aḵ /χaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | dxiʼth /dʲiʔtʰ/ |
| Sangue | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | sthathin /sθaθin/ | six /six/ | a̱lkwa /əlkʷa/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | pekoyek /pekojek/ | ee /eː/ |
| Cacca | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — | — | — | mol /mɔl/ | — |
| Amore | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | néxwsa /nexʷsa/ | — /—/ | ʼya̱x̱is /ʔjəχis/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | peeygãh /peːjɡãh/ |
| Albero | sɣép /sɣep/ | stsékʼas /stsekʼas/ | stn /stn/ | ḵ̕wax̱ /qʼʷaχ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | fxtũu tasx /ɸʲtũː taʃ/ |
| Cane | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | sḵwemáy̓ /sqʷəmajʔ/ | wacʼ /watsʼ/ | ʼwat̕si /ʔwatsʼi/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | alku /alku/ |
| Gatto | púsh /puʃ/ | pus /pus/ | — /—/ | busi /busi/ | mes /mes/ | putuy /putuj/ | misx /miʃ/ |
| Pesce | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | stsʼúḵwi7 /stsʼuqʷiʔ/ | smłk /smɬk/ | mē /meː/ | kar /kar/ | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | wedx /wedʲ/ |
| Uccello | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | ciccipii /tsitstsipiː/ | pʼipʼaƛʼumas /pʼipʼatɬʼumas/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | vxiçxakwe /βʲitʃakwe/ |
| Farfalla | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | — | mamayu /mamaju/ | ha̱mumu /həmumu/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | çmehme /tsmehme/ |
| Uovo | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | qpʼa /qpʼa/ | tsʼigwa̱nu /tsʼiɡʷənu/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | ziç /tsits/ |
| Orso | spéʔec /speʔets/ | míx̱alh /miχaɬ/ | ƛ̓a /tɬʼa/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | eʼsxavy /eʔʃaβʲ/ |
| Cavallo | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | ałχapaliikʷ /aɬχapaliːkʷ/ | guʼdan /ɡuʔdan/ | kej /kex/ | muelah /mulah/ | jiba /hiba/ |
| Casa | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | lámʼ /lamʔ/ | suł /suɬ/ | g̱ukw /ɡukʷ/ | jay /xaj/ | kerwer /kerwer/ | yat /jat/ |
| Latte | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | — | ma̱lk /məlk/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | newon /newɔn/ | leçxi /letʃi/ |
| Miele | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | — | — | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | repchem /reptʃem/ | çxhiʼdx mil /tʃʰiʔdʲ mil/ |
| Sale | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | tlʼálhem /tɬʼaɬəm/ | stʼs /stʼs/ | da̱msxi /dəmsxi/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | nega /neɡa/ |
| Ferro | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | — /—/ | dza̱xʼa̱n /dzəxʔən/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | çam /tsam/ |
| Libro | spáqʷ /spaqʷ/ | — | ałqʷuł /aɬqʷuɬ/ | bukw /bukʷ/ | wuj /wux/ | — | libru /libɾu/ |
| Mangiare | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | i7iyím /iʔijim/ | ʔałps /ʔaɬps/ | ha̱ʼma̱p /həʔməp/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | kepoyi /kepoji/ | ũʼ /ũʔ/ |
| Bere | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | qʼemél7chen /qʼemʔeɬtʃen/ | qaaχla /qaːχla/ | naḵa /naqa/ | kumun /kumun/ | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | tudx /tudʲ/ |
| Dormire | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | — | cituma /tsituma/ | mix̱a̱la /miχəla/ | war /war/ | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | dee /deː/ |
| Uno | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nchʼa7 /ntʃʼaʔ/ | maw /maw/ | ʼna̱m /ʔnəm/ | jun /xun/ | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | teeçx /teːtʃ/ |
| Due | séye /seje/ | án7us /ˈʔanʔus/ | łnuus /ɬnuːs/ | maʼł /maʔɬ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | eʼz /eʔts/ |
| Tre | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | chánat /tʃanat/ | ʔasmuus /ʔasmuːs/ | yudux /judux/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | tekh /tekʰ/ |
| Quattro | mús /mus/ | x̱a7útsen /χaʔutsən/ | muus /muːs/ | mu /mu/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | pahz /paʰts/ |
| Cinque | cíykst /tsijkst/ | tsíyichis /tsijitʃis/ | cʼixʷ /tsʼixʷ/ | sa̱kʼa /səkʼa/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | meruh /meruh/ | tahç /taʰts/ |
| Cento | x̣əcpq̓íqn̓kst /χətspqʼiqnˀkst/ | — | — /—/ | lakʼa̱nd /lakʼənd/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | — | cien /sjen/ |
| Ciao | weytk /wejtk/ | chen kwenmántumi /tʃen kʷenmantumi/ | — /—/ | yo /jo/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | mañi /maɲi/ |
| Grazie | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | huy chexw a /huj tʃexʷ a/ | — /—/ | g̱ilakasʼla /ɢilakasʔla/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | pay /paj/ |
| Buono | y̓é /jˀe/ | éy /ej/ | ya /ja/ | ek /ek/ | ütz /ʊts/ | skuyahl /skujahl/ | ew /ew/ |
| Nuovo | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | ciχ /tsiχ/ | alumas /alumas/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | uʼse /uʔse/ |
| Rosso | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | kʷəlqʷ /kʷəlqʷ/ | mukʷ /mukʷ/ | ƛ̕aq̓wa /tɬʼaqʼʷa/ | käq /kəq/ | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | beh /beh/ |
| Bianco | píq /piq/ | pʼeḵʼ /pʼəqʼ/ | cʼχʷ /tsʼχʷ/ | ʼma̱la /mˀəla/ | säq /səq/ | muenchey /muntʃej/ | çxihme /tʃihme/ |
| Nero | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | ḵʼex̱ ḵʼíx̱ /qʼəχ qʼiχ/ | skʼx /skʼx/ | tsʼuła /tsʼuɬa/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | khũçx /kʰũtʃ/ |
| Blu | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | skwáyel /skʷajəl/ | qʷit /qʷit/ | dzasa /dzasa/ | räx /rəʃ/ | skoyon /skojon/ | çẽy /tsẽj/ |
| Caffè | kápi /kapi/ | kapí /kapi/ | kupi /kupi/ | gobi /ɡobi/ | kape /kape/ | kopeen /kɔpin/ | — |
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