Pulik'la'
Yurok
Algisch
Yurok (Pulik'la') ist eines der beiden überlebenden Mitglieder des „Ritwan“-Zweigs der algischen Familie (das andere ist das Wiyot, seit 1962 als L1 ausgestorben). Die algische Familie umfasst das Algonkische (~30 lebende Sprachen des östlichen und zentralen Nordamerikas), das Wiyot und das Yurok — Yurok und Wiyot wurden im Nordwesten Kaliforniens gesprochen, in riesiger Entfernung von den algonkischen Hauptheimatgebieten, was eines der großen Rätsel der historischen Sprachwissenschaft darstellt. Das moderne Yurok ist eine aktive Erfolgsgeschichte der Sprachrevitalisierung: Stammessprachprogramme, das Yurok-Stammesgericht (das seine Verfahren teilweise auf Yurok führt) und das Yurok-Programm der Hoopa Valley High School bringen ~50 junge Sprecher hervor. Sprachlich bewahrt das Yurok klassische algische Merkmale (belebt-unbelebtes Nomengenus, polysynthetische Verben), zeigt aber eine erhebliche Divergenz vom Algonkischen.
Wo die Sprache gesprochen wird
Yurok: 87 Kernwörter
Quellen
Wörter im Vergleich
Verglichen mit verwandten Sprachen: Algisch
| Bedeutung | Yurok | Maliseet-Passamaquoddy | Tojolabal | Atikamekw | Thompson | Menominee | Cora |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasser | paaʼ /paːʔ/ | samaqan /samakʷan/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | nipi /nipi/ | qʷúʔ /qʷuʔ/ | nepāew /nəpaːew/ | hapɨn /hapɨn/ |
| Feuer | meʼlonok /meʔlonok/ | sqot /skʷot/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | ickote /iʃkote/ | ʕʷyə́p /ʕʷjəp/ | eskotēw /eskoteːw/ | taʼai /taʔai/ |
| Sonne | woygey /wojɡej/ | kisuhs /kisuhs/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | pisimw /pisimʷ/ | sk̓ʷák̓ʷest /skʼʷakʼʷest/ | kēsoq /keːsoʔ/ | tahaapuá /tahaːpwa/ |
| Mond | wonewsleg /wonewsleɡ/ | nipawset /nipawset/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | tipiskaw pisim /tipiskaw pisim/ | máʕxetn /maʕxetn/ | tepāhkēsoq /tepaːhkeːsoʔ/ | mɨhka /mɨhka/ |
| Stern | kesʼoh /kesʔoh/ | possesom /possesom/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | atcakoc /atʃakoʃ/ | nkʷəkʷúsn̓ /nkʷəkʷusnˀ/ | anaeq /anæʔ/ | sɨɨrabe /sɨːˈrabe/ |
| Nacht | nascewen /nastsewen/ | nipayiw /nipajiw/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | tipisko /tipisko/ | sitist /sitist/ | tepāhkeh /tepaːhkeh/ | tika /tika/ |
| Regen | ten /ten/ | — | — | kimiwon /kimiwon/ | stékɬ /stekɬ/ | — | biite /biːte/ |
| Schnee | roreer /ɹɔɹiɹ/ | wast /wast/ | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | kon /kon/ | swúxwt /swuxʷt/ | kōn /koːn/ | seeri /seːɾi/ |
| Wind | rookw /ɹɔːkʷ/ | — | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | rotin /ɾotin/ | snéw̓t /snewˀt/ | — | eeca /eːka/ |
| Erde | hlkehl /ɬkeɬ/ | ktahkomiq /ktahkomikʷ/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | aski /aski/ | tmíxw /tmixʷ/ | ahkēw /ahkeːw/ | chuej /tʃweh/ |
| Stein | haʼaag /haʔaːɣ/ | ponapsq /ponapskʷ/ | ton /ton/ | asini /asini/ | sxén̓x /sxenˀx/ | aqsan /aʔsan/ | teté /teˈte/ |
| Meer | peeshkaahl /piʃkaːɬ/ | supeq /supekʷ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | kitcikami /kitʃikami/ | — | kaeqcekam /kæʔtʃekam/ | muájete /mwaˈhete/ |
| Mutter | kokos /kokos/ | wikuwossit /wikuwossit/ | nan /nan/ | okawi /okawi/ | skíxzeʔ /skixzeʔ/ | nekīah /nekiːah/ | naana /naːna/ |
| Vater | nopew /nopew/ | mihtaqsit /mihtakʷsit/ | tat /tat/ | otawi /otawi/ | sqáczeʔ /sqatszeʔ/ | nōhnāeh /noːhnaːeh/ | hahuá /hahwa/ |
| Tochter | ʼne-meʼy /ʔnemeʔj/ | ntus /ntus/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | otanis /otaːnis/ | — | — | — |
| Ich | nek /nek/ | nil /nil/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | nir /niɾ/ | encwe /ʔəntʃwe/ | nenah /nɛnah/ | neʼu /ˈneʔu/ |
| Du | keʼl /keʔl/ | kil /kil/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | kir /kiɾ/ | enwi /ʔənwi/ | kenah /kɛnah/ | aʼu /ˈaʔu/ |
| Wir | nekah /nekah/ | kilun / nilun /kilun / nilun/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | kirano / ninan /kiɾano / ninan/ | nemimlh /nəmimɬ/ | kenaq / nenaq /kɛnaʔ / nɛnaʔ/ | ta /ta/ |
| Name | ʼerʼwerhł /ʔerʔwerɬ/ | wisuwon /wisuwon/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | icinikatewin /iʃinikatewin/ | skʷést /skʷest/ | -esian /ɛsian/ | yeuwa /ˈjeuwa/ |
| Mensch | ʼoohl /ʔɔːɬ/ | pomawsuwin /pomawsuwin/ | winkil /winkil/ | iriniw /iɾiniw/ | — | — | tebi /tebi/ |
| Kopf | mohlkwoh /mɔlkʷɔh/ | woniyakon /wonijakon/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | octikwaninan /oʃtikwaninan/ | — | — | muʼú /muˈʔu/ |
| Auge | lekwsh /lekwʃ/ | ʼsisoq /sisokʷ/ | satej /sateh/ | ockicikonan /oʃkiʃikonan/ | nk̓ʷətƛ̓ustn /nkʼʷətɬʼustn/ | oskēsek /oskeːsek/ | húi /hwi/ |
| Ohr | chpegarʼ /tʃpeɣeʔɹ/ | ʼcalokoss /tʃalokoss/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | otokainan /otokainan/ | ƛ̓én̓i /tɬʼenˀi/ | — | naxai /naʃai/ |
| Nase | ʼner-pʼernʼ /ʔnɚpʼɚʔn/ | wihton /wihton/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | okotinan /okotinan/ | sp̓saq̓s /spʼsaqʼs/ | — | tzúʼuri /ˈtsuʔuri/ |
| Mund | ʼne-luehl /ʔneluɬ/ | ʼtun /tun/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | otoninan /otoninan/ | spléwcin /splewtsin/ | — | teni /teni/ |
| Zahn | rpelh /rpeɬ/ | wipit /wipit/ | ex /eʃ/ | wipit /wipit/ | xyexw /χjeχʷ/ | wēpet /weːpet/ | tame /tame/ |
| Zunge | ipl /ipɬ/ | wilol /wilol/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | oterininan /oteɾininan/ | teleʼ /təɬeʔ/ | tēnaniw /teːnaniw/ | nanu /nanu/ |
| Hand | mehl /mehl/ | ʼpihtin /pihtin/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | otcitcinan /otʃitʃinan/ | kéyx /kejx/ | onehkeh /onehkeh/ | mam /mam/ |
| Fuß | mechkah /metʃkah/ | ʼsit /sit/ | ok /ok/ | osit /osit/ | sqwaxt /sqʷaxt/ | osēt /oseːt/ | ɨɨka /ɨːka/ |
| Herz | skoʼol /skoʔol/ | moshun /moshun/ | altzil /altsil/ | otehinan /otehinan/ | sxʷákʷukʷ /sxʷakʷukʷ/ | otēh /oteːh/ | hɨurí /hɨuri/ |
| Knochen | werhlkerr /wɚɬkɚ/ | skonis /skonis/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | oskaninan /oskaninan/ | qʼwəqʼwul /qʼʷəqʼʷuʎ/ | ohkan /ohkan/ | ɨka /ɨka/ |
| Blut | pekoyek /pekojek/ | pokahkon /pokahkon/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | miko /miko/ | peteleʼ /pətəleʔ/ | meskoh /mɛskoh/ | xuuri /ʃuːɾi/ |
| Kacke | mol /mɔl/ | mickon /mitʃkon/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | mei /mej/ | paʕ̓ /paʕˀ/ | — | — |
| Liebe | choʼomi /tʃoʔomi/ | kseltom /kseltom/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | sakihiwewin /sakihiwewin/ | xámeʔs /χameʔs/ | kesāenemāew /kesaːenemaːew/ | kaʼna /kaʔna/ |
| Baum | kʼepoy /kʼepoj/ | opos /opos/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | mictikw /miʃtikʷ/ | sɣép /sɣep/ | metekoh /metekoh/ | kɨré /kɨre/ |
| Hund | chishʼah /tʃiʃʔah/ | olomuss /olomuss/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | atimw /atimʷ/ | sqáxa /sqaχa/ | anēm /aneːm/ | tsɨʼɨ /tsɨʔɨ/ |
| Katze | putuy /putuj/ | psuwis /psuwis/ | mis /mis/ | minoc /minoʃ/ | púsh /puʃ/ | — /—/ | mistú /mistu/ |
| Fisch | nepewiS /nepewiʃ/ | nomehs /nomehs/ | chay /tʃaj/ | names /names/ | sqyetn /sqjetn̩/ | namēs /nameːs/ | sasa /sasa/ |
| Vogel | chʼueʼchʼeesh /tʃʼuʔtʃʼiʃ/ | sips /sips/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | pirecic /piɾeʃiʃ/ | spz̓úz̓uʔ /spzˀuzˀuʔ/ | — | pinaʼa /ˈpinaʔa/ |
| Schmetterling | ʼwerrpʼ /ʔwɚːpʼ/ | amakehs /amakehs/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | kwakwapito /kwakwapito/ | nkíkax̣n̓i /nkikaχnˀi/ | mīmīkwǣw /miːmiːkwæːw/ | átzipaʼu /ˈatsipaʔu/ |
| Ei | ʼweryhl /ʔwɚjɬ/ | wawon /wawon/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | waw /waw/ | heʔúšeʔ /heʔuʃeʔ/ | — | taʼu /taʔu/ |
| Bär | chyerʼerʼy /tʃjɚʔɚʔj/ | muwin /muwin/ | oso /oso/ | masko /masko/ | spéʔec /speʔets/ | awǣhsaeh /awæːhsæh/ | juutzeʼe /huːtseʔe/ |
| Pferd | muelah /mulah/ | ahahs /ahahs/ | kawu /kawu/ | atikw /atikʷ/ | k̓əɬc̓esqáx̣aʔ /kʼəɬtsʼesqaχaʔ/ | — | cahuaáyuʼu /kawaˈajuʔu/ |
| Haus | kerwer /kerwer/ | wikuwam /wikuwam/ | naj /nah/ | mikiwam /mikiwam/ | citxw /tsitxʷ/ | wīkewam /wiːkewam/ | kíh /kih/ |
| Milch | newon /newɔn/ | molaqs /molakʷs/ | lech /letʃ/ | tcotcocanapo /tʃotʃoʃanapo/ | míl̓k /milˀk/ | — | léechi /ˈleːtʃi/ |
| Honig | repchem /reptʃem/ | amuwesipom /amuwesipom/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | amo naminas /amo naminas/ | ƛ̓əxtmin /tɬʼəxtmin/ | — | sarate /saɾate/ |
| Salz | peeshkah /piʃkah/ | salawey /salawej/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | ciwotakan /ʃiwotakan/ | c̓ált /tsʼalt/ | sēwehtākan /seːwehtaːkan/ | unáj /unah/ |
| Reis | raas /ɹaːs/ | aptelomultinewey /aptelomultinewej/ | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | miromin /miɾomin/ | — | manōmaeh /manoːmæh/ | — |
| Eisen | pegemeepʼ /peɣemipʼ/ | olonahq /olonahkʷ/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | piwapiskw /piwapiskʷ/ | ʔík̓mn /ʔikʼmn/ | — | tepuústiʼi /tepuːstiʔi/ |
| Rad | weeel /wiːl/ | wahkaliqs /wahkalikʷs/ | rweda /rweda/ | toro /toɾo/ | — | — | — |
| Essen | kepoyi /kepoji/ | mitsu /mitsu/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | mitciso /mitʃiso/ | ʔíqs /ʔiqs/ | mīcew /miːtʃew/ | kuá /kwa/ |
| Trinken | kewolepi /kewolepi/ | lossomu /lossomu/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | minikwew /minikwew/ | ʔúqʷeʔ /ʔuqʷeʔ/ | menew /menew/ | hiʼi /hiʔi/ |
| Schlafen | chkeyekʼ /tʃkejekʼ/ | — | wayel /wajel/ | nipaw /nipaw/ | ʕʷóy̓t /ʕʷojˀt/ | nepāw /nepaːw/ | cutzú /kuˈtsu/ |
| Eins | kohchew /kohtʃew/ | pesq /peskʷ/ | jun /hun/ | peikw /pejkʷ/ | péyeʔ /pejeʔ/ | nekot /nekot/ | cei /tsei/ |
| Zwei | naʼamoyʼ /naʔamoj/ | nis /nis/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | nicw /niʃʷ/ | séye /seje/ | nīs /niːs/ | huapoa /waˈpoa/ |
| Drei | nahkseʼn /nahkseʔn/ | nihi /nihi/ | oxe /oʃe/ | nicto /niʃto/ | keʔɬés /keʔɬes/ | nɛʔniw /nɛʔniw/ | waika /waika/ |
| Vier | choʼoneʼn /tʃoʔoneʔn/ | new /new/ | chane /tʃane/ | new /new/ | mús /mus/ | nīw /niːw/ | muaacua /mwaːkwa/ |
| Fünf | meruh /meruh/ | nan /nan/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | niaran /niaɾan/ | cíykst /tsijkst/ | nyānan /njaːnan/ | ansɨbi /ansɨbi/ |
| Hallo | aiy-yue-kwee /aj-juːkweː/ | qey /kʷej/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kwei /kwej/ | weytk /wejtk/ | posoh /posoh/ | keʼkuanenki /keʔkwanenki/ |
| Danke | wokhlew /wokʰlew/ | woliwon /woliwon/ | yuj /juh/ | mikwetc /mikwetʃ/ | kʷukʷscémxʷ /kʷukʷstsemxʷ/ | wāēwāēnen /waːeːwaːeːnen/ | atsipiraá /atsipiraː/ |
| Gut | skuyahl /skujahl/ | woli /woli/ | lek /lek/ | mirwacin /miɾwaʃin/ | y̓é /jˀe/ | menwāewen /menwaːewen/ | huáʼi /hwaʔi/ |
| Neu | chaʼanar /tʃaʔanaɹ/ | pileyu /pileju/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | ocki /oʃki/ | cíyci /tsijtsi/ | — | jéjcua /ˈhehkwa/ |
| Rot | pekwoh /pekwoh/ | mqeyu /mkʷeju/ | chak /tʃak/ | mikwaw /mikwaw/ | cíqʷ /tsiqʷ/ | mɛhkon /mɛhkon/ | sabí /saˈbi/ |
| Weiß | muenchey /muntʃej/ | wapeyu /wapeju/ | sak /sak/ | wapaw /wapaw/ | píq /piq/ | — | cuaiina /kʷaiˈina/ |
| Schwarz | loʼogey /loʔoɣej/ | mokoseweyu /mokoseweju/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | makatewaw /makatewaw/ | hestə́ptəpt /hestəptəpt/ | — | súʼumuaraʼa /suʔumwaɾaʔa/ |
| Blau | skoyon /skojon/ | musqonocihte /muskʷonotʃihte/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | waseskonaw /waseskonaw/ | ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt /ʔesqʷəzqʷəzt/ | — | — |
| Kaffee | kopeen /kɔpin/ | kahpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kapi /kapi/ | kápi /kapi/ | — | — |
| Zucker | repchem /reptʃem/ | sukol /sukol/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | sisipaskot /sisipaskot/ | — | — | — |
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