Hote
Austronesian
Hote is an Oceanic Austronesian language of the North Huon Gulf subgroup, spoken along the Huon Gulf coast in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Hote is part of the broader Western Oceanic continuum that includes Mapos Buang (bzh) and other PNG Oceanic languages. The Hote community lives in the immediate hinterland of Lae, PNG's second-largest city. Linguistically, Hote shows classical Western Oceanic features: 5-vowel system, simple consonant inventory, classifier-noun constructions, and SVO constituent order with verb-final tendencies in subordinate clauses. SIL Bible translation work has produced literacy materials and a complete New Testament (2010).
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Hote
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Hote | Old Malay | Lardil | Itbayaten | Proto-Austronesian | Old Cham | Yangkaal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ŋaŋ /ŋaŋ/ | air /air/ | nguka /ŋuka/ | ranom /ranom/ | *daNum /daNum/ | ie /ʔiə/ | nguku /ŋuku/ |
| Fire | atum /atum/ | api /api/ | nyuda /ɲuda/ | hapoy /hapoj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | ngida /ŋida/ |
| Sun | wak /wak/ | matari /matari/ | warrka /waɾka/ | araw /araw/ | *waRi /waRi/ | huriy /hurij/ | warrku /waɾku/ |
| Moon | ayôŋ /ajoŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | kirdikir /kiɖikir/ | voxan /voɣan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | waldarra /waldaɾa/ |
| Star | vuliŋ /vuliŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | kuwa thungal /kuwa θuŋal/ | vitoen /vitoɨn/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | miburlda thungalda /mibuɭda t̪uŋalda/ |
| Night | bôlôvôŋ /bolovoŋ/ | malam /malam/ | nata /nata/ | aʼxep /aʔɣɨp/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | ngimi /ŋimi/ |
| Rain | ôthôm /otʰom/ | — | — | timoy /timoj/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | — | — |
| Wind | lovak /lɔvak/ | — | — | sarawsaw /sarawsaw/ | *bali /bali/ | — | — |
| Earth | pik /pik/ | — | — | tana /tana/ | *taneq /taneq/ | — | — |
| Stone | valu /valu/ | batu /batu/ | — | vato /vato/ | *batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ | — |
| Mountain | dum /dum/ | — | — | — | *bukij /bukij/ | — | — |
| Mother | talêbô /talebo/ | ibu /ibu/ | ngama /ŋama/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | inā /ina/ | ngamathu /ŋamat̪u/ |
| Father | lambô /lambo/ | bapa /bapa/ | kantha /kan̪t̪a/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | amā /ama/ | kanthathu /kant̪at̪u/ |
| Daughter | nalavi /nalavi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| I | ya /ja/ | aku /aku/ | ngada /ŋada/ | yaken /jakɨn/ | *aku /aku/ | ku /ku/ | ngada /ŋada/ |
| You | o /ɔ/ | kamu /kamu/ | nyingki /ɲiŋki/ | ʼimo /ʔimo/ | *iSu /iSu/ | hã /haː/ | nyingka /ɲiŋka/ |
| We | yêlô / alalô /jelo / alalo/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ngakuli / nyali /ŋakuli / ɲali/ | yaten / yamen /jatɨn / jamɨn/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | — /—/ | ngakulda / ngalda /ŋakulda / ŋalda/ |
| Name | athêŋ /atʰeŋ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nyunda /ɲunda/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | angan /aŋan/ | nida /nida/ |
| Person | anyô /aɲo/ | — | — | tawo /tawo/ | *Cau /tsau/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | — |
| Head | wakadôk /wakadok/ | — | — | oxo /oɣo/ | *quluh /quluh/ | — | — |
| Eye | madaluk /madaluk/ | mata /mata/ | kuwa /kuwa/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | matā /mata/ | miburlda /mibuɭda/ |
| Ear | limbuk /limbuk/ | — | — | talinya /taliɲa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | — | — |
| Nose | thohav /tʰɔhav/ | — | — | mohdan /mohdan/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | — |
| Mouth | abôlêk /abolek/ | — | — | vivih /vivih/ | — | — | — |
| Tooth | kalalaŋ /kalalaŋ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | kadma leman /kadma leman/ | nyipen /ɲipɨn/ | *nipen /nipen/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | damanda /damanda/ |
| Tongue | dahalaŋ /dahalaŋ/ | lidah /lidah/ | jalda leman /dʒalda leman/ | rila /rila/ | *Sema /Sema/ | dalah /dalah/ | jalngantha /ɟalŋant̪a/ |
| Hand | baŋ /baŋ/ | tangan /taŋan/ | marlda /maɭda/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | — /—/ |
| Foot | va /va/ | — | jaa /dʒaː/ | ayi /aji/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | takai /takai/ | — |
| Heart | kapô /kapo/ | hati /hati/ | bulja /buldʒa/ | tawor /tawor/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | hatai /hatai/ | — /—/ |
| Bone | lokwaŋ /lɔkwaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | kadma /kadma/ | toʼxang /toʔɣaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | talang /talaŋ/ | julda /ɟulda/ |
| Blood | thalaleŋ /tʰalalɛŋ/ | darah /darah/ | kanda /kanda/ | raya /raja/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | kandu /kandu/ |
| Love | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | alokwaŋ /alɔkwaŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | thungal /θuŋal/ | kayoh /kajoh/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | avuŋ /avuŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | ngawa /ŋawa/ | tito /tito/ | *asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | pus /pus/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | — /—/ |
| Fish | alim /alim/ | ikan /ikan/ | yaka /jaka/ | among /amoŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | yakuri /jakuɾi/ |
| Bird | menak /mɛnak/ | burung /buruŋ/ | — | kangkang /kaŋkaŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | cim /tʃim/ | — |
| Egg | daluk /daluk/ | — | — | ittiiyoy /ittiijoj/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | — | — |
| Bear | bea /bɛa/ | — | — | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — |
| Horse | bokhos /bɔkhɔs/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| House | unyak /uɲak/ | rumah /rumah/ | ngambirr /ŋambir/ | vaxay /vaɣaj/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Milk | sum /sum/ | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Honey | bio thôk /biɔ tʰok/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Salt | ŋgwêk /ŋɡwek/ | garam /ɡaram/ | — | asin /asin/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | — | — |
| Wine | waiŋ /waiŋ/ | — | — | parek /parɨk/ | — | — | — |
| Iron | aeŋ /aɛŋ/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Book | kapya /kapja/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Eat | yaŋ /jaŋ/ | makan /makan/ | jitha /dʒiθa/ | koman /koman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | num /num/ | minum /minum/ | kurdama /kuɖama/ | ominom /ominom/ | *inum /inum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | — /—/ |
| Sleep | êk sôm /ek som/ | tidur /tidur/ | — | makahicex /makahitʃɨɣ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | — | — |
| One | doŋtom /dɔŋtɔm/ | sa /sa/ | warnge /waɾŋe/ | aʼsa /aʔsa/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | — /—/ |
| Two | ju /ju/ | dua /dua/ | kiyarrng /kijaɾŋ/ | doha /doha/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | kiyarrngka /kijaɾŋka/ |
| Three | lô /lo/ | tlu /tlu/ | mungkalan /muŋkalan/ | atlo /atlo/ | *telu /telu/ | klau /klau/ | — /—/ |
| Four | ayova /ajɔva/ | mpat /əmpat/ | — | aʼpat /aʔpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | pāt /paːt/ | — |
| Five | baheŋvi /bahɛŋvi/ | lima /lima/ | — | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | — |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | mavi /mavi/ | baik /baik/ | kuba /kuba/ | mapia /mapia/ | — /—/ | siam /siam/ | — /—/ |
| New | lukmuk /lukmuk/ | — | — | vaʼyo /vaʔjo/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | — | — |
| Red | thalaleŋ /tʰalalɛŋ/ | merah /merah/ | kandukan /kandukan/ | mavayah /mavajah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | kandukandu /kandukandu/ |
| White | thapuk /tʰapuk/ | putih /putih/ | — | mahilak /mahilak/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | patih /patih/ | — |
| Black | loŋgavu /lɔŋɡavu/ | hitam /hitam/ | — | mavaeng /mavaɨŋ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hitam /hitam/ | — |
| Green | saŋgek /saŋɡɛk/ | — | — | maharem /maharɨm/ | — | — | — |
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