Agta
Central Cagayan Agta
Austronesian
Central Cagayan Agta is one of the small Negrito-associated Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, Philippines, spoken by ~600 hunter-gatherer Agta people in the Cagayan Valley and Isabela Province. Despite the Negrito physical phenotype (Australo-Melanesian descent) of its speakers, the language itself is fully Austronesian — the result of centuries of language shift after contact with Austronesian-speaking lowlanders, while genetically the Agta represent one of the oldest human lineages in the Philippines (~30,000-50,000 years). Linguistically, Central Cagayan Agta shares Northern Philippine features with neighbouring Ibanag and Itawit, but with distinctive lexical retentions and Negrito-traditional vocabulary. SIL fieldwork by Mayfield (1972) is the major linguistic documentation. UNESCO classifies it as severely endangered due to small speaker numbers, ongoing language shift to Ilocano and Tagalog, and the marginalization of Negrito communities.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Central Cagayan Agta
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Central Cagayan Agta | Ilocano | Tagalog | Tausug | Maranao | Maguindanao | Waray |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | danum /danum/ | danum /danum/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | ig /iɡ/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ |
| Fire | apuy /ʔaˈpuj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | kāyu /kaːju/ | apoy /apoj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | kalayo /kalajo/ |
| Sun | bilag /bilaɡ/ | init /ʔinit/ | araw /ˈʔaɾaw/ | adlaw /adlaw/ | alongan /aloŋan/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | adlaw /ʔadlaw/ |
| Moon | hulan /hulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | buwan /buwan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bolan /bolan/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | bituen /biˈtuʔen/ | bituen /bituˈen/ | bituin /bituˈʔin/ | bituun /bituʔun/ | bito-on /bitoʔon/ | bitun /biˈtun/ | bitoon /bituʔon/ |
| Night | hiklom /hiklom/ | rabii /raˈbiʔi/ | gabi /ɡaˈbi/ | dūm /duːm/ | gagawiʼi /ɡaɡawiʔi/ | magabi /maɡabi/ | gabʼi /ɡabˈʔi/ |
| Rain | udan /ʔuˈdan/ | tudo /ˈtudo/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | ulan /ˈulan/ | oran /ʔoran/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | uran /ˈʔuɾan/ |
| Wind | paddad /padːad/ | angin /ˈʔaŋin/ | hangin /haˈŋin/ | hangin /haŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | endu /ʔənˈdu/ | hangin /haˈŋin/ |
| Earth | lutak /lutak/ | daga /daɡa/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | lupaꞌ /lupaʔ/ | lopaʼ /lopaʔ/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | tuna /tunaʔ/ |
| Stone | batu /batu/ | bato /baˈto/ | bato /baˈtoʔ/ | batu /batu/ | wato /wato/ | watu /waˈtu/ | bato /baˈto/ |
| Mountain | bagetay /baɡetaj/ | bantay /banˈtaj/ | bundok /bunˈdok/ | būd /buːd/ | palaw /paˈlaw/ | palaw /paˈlaw/ | bukid /ˈbukid/ |
| Sea | bebay /bebaj/ | baybay /ˈbajbaj/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ | dagat /daɡat/ | ragat /raɡat/ | lagat /ˈlaɡat/ | dagat /ˈdaɡat/ |
| Mother | ina /ʔiˈna/ | ina /ʔiˈna/ | ina /ʔiˈna/ | inaꞌ /inaʔ/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | nanay /nanaj/ |
| Father | ama /ʔaˈma/ | ama /ʔaˈma/ | ama /ʔaˈma/ | amaꞌ /amaʔ/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | tatay /tataj/ |
| I | sikán /siˈkan/ | siak /siˈak/ | ako /ʔaˈko/ | aku /aku/ | ako /ako/ | saki /saki/ | ako /ʔako/ |
| You | sikaw /siˈkaw/ | sika /siˈka/ | ikaw /ʔiˈkaw/ | ikaw /ikaw/ | seka /sɵka/ | seka /səka/ | ikaw /ʔikaw/ |
| We | sikitam / sikami /sikitam / sikami/ | datayo / dakami /dataˈjo / dakaˈmi/ | tayo / kami /ˈtaːjo / kaˈmi/ | kitaniyu / kami /kitaniju / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | sekitanu / sekami /səkitanu / səkami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Name | ngagan /ˈŋaɡan/ | nagan /ˈnaɡan/ | pangalan /paˈŋalan/ | ngan /ŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngala /ŋala/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Person | tolay /tolaj/ | tao /ˈtao/ | tao /ˈtaʔo/ | tau /taʔu/ | taw /taw/ | taw /taw/ | tawo /ˈtawo/ |
| Head | ulu /ʔulu/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ | ū /ʔuː/ | olo /olo/ | ulu /ˈʔulu/ | ulo /ˈʔulo/ |
| Eye | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ |
| Ear | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | lapayag /lapaˈjaɡ/ | tainga /taˈʔiŋa/ | taynga /tajŋa/ | tangila /taŋila/ | tangila /taˈŋila/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Nose | igung /iɡuŋ/ | agong /ʔaˈɡoŋ/ | ilong /ʔiˈloŋ/ | ilung /ˈʔiluŋ/ | ngirong /ŋiroŋ/ | ngilung /ˈŋiluŋ/ | irong /ʔiˈɾoŋ/ |
| Mouth | simuk /simuk/ | ngiwat /ŋiˈwat/ | bibig /biˈbiɡ/ | simud /simud/ | ngariʼ /ŋariʔ/ | ngali /ˈŋali/ | baba /ˈbabaʔ/ |
| Tooth | ngipon /ŋipon/ | ngipen /ŋiˈpen/ | ngipin /ŋiˈpin/ | ipun /ipun/ | ngipen /ŋipən/ | ngipen /ŋipen/ | ngipon /ŋipon/ |
| Tongue | hilo /hilo/ | dila /ˈdila/ | dila /diˈlaʔ/ | dilaꞌ /dilaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ | dila /dila/ | dila /diˈla/ |
| Hand | kamat /kamat/ | ima /ʔima/ | kamay /kamaj/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /liˈma/ | kamot /kamot/ |
| Foot | takki /takːi/ | saka /ˈsaka/ | paa /paˈʔa/ | siki /siki/ | aʼi /aʔi/ | ai /ʔai/ | tiil /tiˈʔil/ |
| Heart | poso /poso/ | puso /puso/ | puso /puˈsoʔ/ | jantung /dʒantuŋ/ | pusoʼ /pusoʔ/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | kasingkasing /kasiŋkasiŋ/ |
| Bone | tulang /tuˈlaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | buto /buˈtoʔ/ | bukug /ˈbukuɡ/ | tolan /toˈlan/ | tulan /tuˈlan/ | tul-an /tulˈʔan/ |
| Blood | dogo /doɡo/ | dara /ˈdaɾa/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ | duguꞌ /duɡuʔ/ | rogoʼ /roɡoʔ/ | lugu /luɡuʔ/ | dugo /duˈɡoʔ/ |
| Love | ayat /ʔaˈjat/ | ayat /ʔaˈjat/ | pag-ibig /paɡʔibiɡ/ | lasa /lasa/ | kalimo /kalimo/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | gugma /ɡuɡma/ |
| Tree | kayo /kajo/ | kayo /kajo/ | puno /puno/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kayo /kajo/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | kahoy /kahoj/ |
| Dog | atu /ˈʔatu/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | iruꞌ /iruʔ/ | aso /aso/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | ayam /ˈʔajam/ |
| Cat | kuti /kuti/ | pusa /pusa/ | pusa /pusa/ | kuting /kutiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | misay /misaj/ |
| Fish | ikan /ʔiˈkan/ | ikan /ʔiˈkan/ | isda /ʔisˈdaʔ/ | istaꞌ /ʔisˈtaʔ/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | isda /ʔisˈda/ |
| Bird | mamanuk /maˈmanuk/ | billit /bilˈlit/ | ibon /ʔiˈbon/ | manuk-manuk /manukmanuk/ | papanok /papanok/ | papanuk /papaˈnuk/ | tamsi /tamsi/ |
| Butterfly | lollo /lolːo/ | kulibangbang /kulibaŋbaŋ/ | paruparo /paɾupaˈɾo/ | kabaꞌ-kabaꞌ /kabaʔkabaʔ/ | — | paro-paro /paroˈparo/ | alibangbang /ʔalibaŋˈbaŋ/ |
| Egg | iklug /ʔikluɡ/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | itlog /ʔitˈloɡ/ | iklug /ʔikluɡ/ | orak /orak/ | leman /ləˈman/ | bunay /buˈnaj/ |
| Horse | kabayu /kabaju/ | kabalio /kaˈbaljo/ | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ | kuraꞌ /kuraʔ/ | kodaʼ /kodaʔ/ | kuda /kuda/ | kabayo /kaˈbajo/ |
| House | balay /balaj/ | balay /balaj/ | bahay /bahaj/ | bāy /baːj/ | walay /walaj/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | balay /balaj/ |
| Milk | gattak /ɡattak/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ | gatas /ɡatas/ | gatas /ɡaˈtas/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Honey | tahu /tahu/ | diro /diˈɾo/ | pulot /puˈlot/ | tunub /tunub/ | teneb /tənəb/ | teneb /təˈnəb/ | dugos /duˈɡos/ |
| Salt | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ | asin /asin/ | asin /asin/ | timus /ˈtimus/ | asin /ʔaˈsin/ |
| Wine | basi /basi/ | arak /ˈʔarak/ | alak /ˈʔalak/ | tubig anggul /tubiɡ aŋɡul/ | — | — | bino /ˈbino/ |
| Iron | landuk /landuk/ | landok /lanˈdok/ | bakal /baˈkal/ | basiꞌ /basiʔ/ | potaw /potaw/ | putaw /puˈtaw/ | puthaw /putˈhaw/ |
| Eat | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kumain /kumaˈʔin/ | kaun /kaʔun/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | kaon /kaʔon/ |
| Drink | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | uminom /ʔumiˈnom/ | minum /minum/ | minom /minom/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | inom /ʔinom/ |
| Sleep | masidug /masiduɡ/ | maturog /maˈtuɾoɡ/ | matulog /maˈtuloɡ/ | matūg /maˈtuːɡ/ | matorog /matoˈroɡ/ | tulug /ˈtuluɡ/ | turog /turoɡ/ |
| One | takday /takdaj/ | maysa /majsa/ | isa /ʔiˈsa/ | isa /isa/ | isa /isa/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | usa /ʔusa/ |
| Two | duwa /ˈduwa/ | dua /duˈa/ | dalawa /dalaˈwa/ | duwa /duwa/ | dowa /dowa/ | dua /duwa/ | duha /duha/ |
| Three | tallu /talːu/ | tallo /talˈlo/ | tatlo /tatˈloʔ/ | tū /tuː/ | telu /təlu/ | telu /təluʔ/ | tulo /tuˈlo/ |
| Four | appat /apːaːt/ | uppat /ʔupˈpat/ | apat /ˈʔapat/ | upat /upat/ | pat /pat/ | pat /pat/ | upat /ˈʔupat/ |
| Five | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | magatut /maɡatut/ | sangagasut /saŋaɡaˈsut/ | sandaan /sanˈdaʔan/ | hanggatus /haŋɡaˈtus/ | magatos /maɡatos/ | magatus /maɡatus/ | gatos /ɡaˈtos/ |
| Hello | kumusta /kumusta/ | kablaaw /kablaʔaw/ | kamusta /kamusta/ | kumusta /kumusta/ | kapian /kapijan/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | kumusta /kumusta/ |
| Thank you | salamat /salamat/ | agyamanak /ʔaɡjamanak/ | salamat /salamat/ | magsukul /maɡsukul/ | salamat /salamat/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Good | napya /napja/ | naimbag /naʔimˈbaɡ/ | mabuti /mabuti/ | marayaw /marajaw/ | mapia /mapija/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | maupay /maʔupaj/ |
| New | bagu /baɡu/ | baro /baˈɾo/ | bago /ˈbaɡo/ | baꞌgu /baʔɡu/ | bego /bəɡo/ | bagu /baˈɡu/ | bag-o /baɡˈʔo/ |
| Red | malabbaga /malabˈbaɡa/ | nalabaga /nalaˈbaɡa/ | pula /puˈlaʔ/ | pula /puˈla/ | marigaʼ /maˈriɡaʔ/ | maliga /maˈliɡa/ | pula /puˈla/ |
| White | puhaw /puhaw/ | puraw /puˈɾaw/ | puti /puˈtiʔ/ | maputiꞌ /mapuˈtiʔ/ | mapoti /maˈpotiʔ/ | maputi /maputiʔ/ | busag /buˈsaɡ/ |
| Black | ngisit /ŋisit/ | nangisit /naŋiˈsit/ | itim /ʔiˈtim/ | itum /ʔiˈtum/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | itom /iˈtom/ |
| Blue | asul /asul/ | asul /aˈsul/ | asul /ʔaˈsul/ | bilu /biˈlu/ | biro /ˈbiro/ | biru /ˈbiru/ | asul /aˈsul/ |
| Ninety-nine | siyamafulu siyam /sijamafulu sijam/ | siam a pulo ket siam /siˈam a ˈpulo ket siˈam/ | siyamnapuʼt siyam /ʃamnaˈput ʃam/ | kasiyaman tagsiyam /kasijaman taɡsijam/ | — | — | kasiyaman kag siyam /kasijaˈman kaɡ siˈjam/ |
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