Malagasy
Austronesian
Malagasy is the national language of Madagascar, with ~25M speakers and the remarkable distinction of being a Western Austronesian language spoken 7,000 km from its nearest relatives. Linguistic and genetic evidence places its closest sister as Ma'anyan of southeastern Borneo, with Austronesian seafarers reaching Madagascar c. 350-550 CE — likely the longest single oceanic migration in human prehistory. The language has SVO order (typologically rare in Austronesian, where VOS is more common) with extensive Bantu, Arabic, and French loanword strata reflecting a millennium of Indian Ocean contact. Pre-Latin Sorabe (Arabic-derived) script preserved Antemoro scholarly tradition 16th-19th c.
Where it is spoken
87 core words in Malagasy
Sources
Words compared
Compared with languages in the same classification: Austronesian
| Meaning | Malagasy | Old Malay | Malay | Indonesian | Ngaju | Musi | Tetum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | rano /ɾanu/ | air /air/ | air /ˈair/ | air /ˈair/ | danum /danum/ | ayek /ajek/ | bee /beː/ |
| Fire | afo /afu/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ | api /api/ | ahi /ahi/ |
| Sun | masoandro /masuandɾu/ | matari /matari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matanandau /matanandau/ | matahari /matahari/ | loron /loɾon/ |
| Moon | volana /vulana/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | fulan /fulan/ |
| Star | kintana /ˈkintana/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | fitun /ˈfitun/ |
| Night | alina /ˈalina/ | malam /malam/ | malam /ˈmalam/ | malam /ˈmalam/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ | malem /maləm/ | kalan /kalan/ |
| Rain | orana /uˈranə/ | — | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /udʒan/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | udan /ˈudan/ |
| Snow | oram-panala /uramˈpanala/ | — | salji /saldʒi/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | neve /ˈnɛvɛ/ |
| Wind | rivotra /riˈvutʂ/ | — | angin /ˈaŋin/ | angin /ˈaŋin/ | riwut /riwut/ | angin /aŋin/ | anin /ˈanin/ |
| Earth | tany /taniʲ/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ | petak /petak/ | tanah /tanah/ | rai /ˈrai/ |
| Stone | vato /ˈvatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | fatuk /ˈfatuk/ |
| Mountain | tendrombohitra /tendrumˈbuhitʂa/ | — | gunung /ɡuˈnuŋ/ | gunung /ɡuˈnuŋ/ | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | foho /foho/ |
| Sea | ranomasina /ranuˈmasina/ | — | laut /ˈlaut/ | laut /ˈlaut/ | tasik /tasik/ | laot /laot/ | tasi /tasi/ |
| Mother | reny /ɾeni/ | ibu /ibu/ | ibu /ibu/ | ibu /ibu/ | indu /indu/ | mak /mak/ | inan /inan/ |
| Father | ray /ɾaj/ | bapa /bapa/ | ayah /ajah/ | ayah /ajah/ | bapa /bapa/ | bapak /bapak/ | aman /aman/ |
| Daughter | zanaka vavy /zanaka vavi/ | — | anak perempuan /anak pərəmpuan/ | anak perempuan /anak pərəmpuan/ | anak bawi /anak bawi/ | — | oan feto /oan feto/ |
| I | aho /ˈahu/ | aku /aku/ | saya /saja/ | saya /saja/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | haʼu /haʔu/ |
| You | ianao /iaˈnaw/ | kamu /kamu/ | awak /awaʔ/ | kamu /kamu/ | ikau /ikau/ | kau /kau/ | ó /ɔ/ |
| We | isika / izahay /iˈsika / izaˈhaj/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | ita / ami /ita / ami/ |
| Name | anarana /aˈnarana/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | nama /nama/ | aran /aran/ | namo /namo/ | naran /ˈnaran/ |
| Person | olona /ˈulnə/ | — | orang /ˈoraŋ/ | orang /ˈoraŋ/ | uluh /uluh/ | wong /woŋ/ | ema /ema/ |
| Head | loha /ˈluha/ | — | kepala /kəˈpala/ | kepala /kəˈpala/ | takuluk /takuluk/ | palak /palak/ | ulun /ulun/ |
| Eye | maso /masu/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mate /mate/ | mato /mato/ | matan /matan/ |
| Ear | sofina /sufʲinə/ | — | telinga /təˈliŋə/ | telinga /təˈliŋa/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ | telingo /teliŋo/ | tilun /tilun/ |
| Nose | orona /uˈruna/ | — | hidung /hiˈduŋ/ | hidung /hiˈduŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | inus /inus/ |
| Mouth | vava /ˈvavə/ | — | mulut /ˈmulut/ | mulut /ˈmulut/ | nyama /ɲama/ | mulut /mulut/ | ibun /ˈibun/ |
| Tooth | nify /nifʲ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ˈɡiɡi/ | gigi /ˈɡiɡi/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | nehan /nehan/ |
| Tongue | lela /ˈlela/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /ˈlidah/ | lidah /ˈlidah/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | nanaan /nanaːn/ |
| Hand | tanana /tanana/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lengen /ləŋən/ | tangan /taŋan/ | liman /liman/ |
| Foot | tongotra /tonɡotra/ | — | kaki /ˈkaki/ | kaki /ˈkaki/ | pai /pai/ | — | ain /ain/ |
| Heart | fo /fu/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | hati /hati/ | atei /atei/ | hati /hati/ | fuan /fuan/ |
| Bone | taolana /taˈulana/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /ˈtulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | ruin /ruin/ |
| Blood | ra /ra/ | darah /darah/ | darah /ˈdarah/ | darah /ˈdarah/ | daha /dahaʔ/ | darah /darah/ | raan /raːn/ |
| Poop | tay /taj/ | — | tahi /ˈtahi/ | pup /pup/ | tai /tai/ | taik /taik/ | teen /teːn/ |
| Love | fitiavana /fitiavana/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinta /tʃinta/ | cinta /tʃinta/ | sinta /sinta/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | domin /domin/ |
| Tree | hazo /hazu/ | kayu /kaju/ | pokok /pokoʔ/ | pohon /pohon/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | ai /ai/ |
| Dog | alika /alika/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | asu /asu/ |
| Cat | saka /saka/ | — /—/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | posa /posa/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | busa /busa/ |
| Fish | fia /ˈfia/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Bird | vorona /ˈvurunə/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | manu /manu/ |
| Butterfly | lolo /ˈlulu/ | — | rama-rama /rama rama/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ | — | borboleta /borboleta/ |
| Egg | atody /aˈtudʲ/ | — | telur /təˈlor/ | telur /təˈlur/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ | telok /telok/ | tolun /tolun/ |
| Bear | bera /beɾa/ | — | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ | — | ursu /ˈursu/ |
| Horse | soavaly /suaˈvali/ | — | kuda /ˈkuda/ | kuda /ˈkuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | — | kuda /kuda/ |
| House | trano /tɾanu/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | huma /huma/ | rumah /rumah/ | uma /uma/ |
| Milk | ronono /runun/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susubeen /susubeːn/ |
| Honey | tantely /tanˈtelʲ/ | — | madu /ˈmadu/ | madu /ˈmadu/ | madu /madu/ | — | bani-been /bani-beːn/ |
| Salt | sira /sirə/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | garam /ɡaram/ | uyah /ujah/ | garam /ɡaram/ | masin /ˈmasin/ |
| Wine | divay /divaj/ | — | wain /wain/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /aŋɡor/ | — | tua-uvas /tua uvas/ |
| Rice | vary /ˈvari/ | — | beras /bəˈras/ | beras /bəˈras/ | behas /behas/ | beras /bəras/ | foos /foːs/ |
| Chocolate | sôkôla /soˈkola/ | — | coklat /ˈtʃoklat/ | coklat /ˈtʃoklat/ | — | coklat /tʃoklat/ | xoklate /ʃoklate/ |
| Iron | vy /vi/ | — | besi /bəsi/ | besi /bəsi/ | wasi /wasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | besi /ˈbesi/ |
| Wheel | kodia /kudia/ | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | — | roda /roda/ |
| Silk | landy /landʲ/ | — | sutera /suˈtəra/ | sutra /ˈsutra/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | seda /seda/ |
| Book | boky /ˈbuki/ | — | buku /ˈbuku/ | buku /ˈbuku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | livru /livɾu/ |
| Eat | mihinana /mihinana/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | han /han/ |
| Drink | misotro /misutɾu/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | mihop /mihop/ | minum /minum/ | hemu /hemu/ |
| Sleep | matory /maˈturi/ | tidur /tidur/ | tidur /tidor/ | tidur /tidur/ | batiruh /batiruh/ | tido /tido/ | toba /ˈtoba/ |
| One | iray /iɾaj/ | sa /sa/ | satu /satu/ | satu /satu/ | ije /ije/ | siko /siko/ | ida /ida/ |
| Two | roa /ˈrua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | due /ˈdue/ | duo /duo/ | rua /ˈrua/ |
| Three | telo /ˈtelu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | telo /təlo/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tolu /tolu/ |
| Four | efatra /ˈefatʂə/ | mpat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | epat /əpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | haat /haːt/ |
| Five | dimy /dimʲ/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lime /lime/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundred | zato /ˈzatu/ | ratus /ratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | atus /atus/ |
| Hello | manao ahoana /manau ahuana/ | — /—/ | hai /hai/ | halo /ˈhalo/ | salamat /salamat/ | halo /halo/ | bondia /bondia/ |
| Thank you | misaotra /misautɾa/ | — /—/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ | obrigadu /obɾiɡadu/ |
| Good | tsara /tsaɾa/ | baik /baik/ | baik /baiʔ/ | baik /baiʔ/ | bahalap /bahalap/ | bagus /baɡus/ | diʼak /diʔak/ |
| New | vaovao /vawˈvaw/ | — | baru /ˈbaru/ | baru /ˈbaru/ | taheta /taheta/ | anyar /aɲar/ | foun /foun/ |
| Red | mena /ˈmena/ | merah /merah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ | merah /ˈmerah/ | mean /mean/ |
| White | fotsy /ˈfutsɨ/ | putih /putih/ | putih /ˈputeh/ | putih /ˈputih/ | baputi /baputi/ | putih /putih/ | mutin /mutin/ |
| Black | mainty /ˈmaintɨ/ | hitam /hitam/ | hitam /ˈhitam/ | hitam /ˈhitam/ | babilem /babiləm/ | item /itəm/ | metan /metan/ |
| Green | maitso /maˈitsu/ | — | hijau /ˈhidʒau/ | hijau /ˈhidʒau/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ | ijo /idʒo/ | matak /matak/ |
| Blue | manga /ˈmaŋɡa/ | — | biru /ˈbiru/ | biru /ˈbiru/ | biru /biru/ | — | biru /biru/ |
| Cuckoo | kankafotra /kankaˈfutʂə/ | — | sewah /ˈsewah/ | kangkok /ˈkaŋkɔʔ/ | — | — | — |
| Computer | solosaina /suluˈsajna/ | — | komputer /kɔmˈputə(r)/ | komputer /kɔmˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputadór /komputaˈdoɾ/ |
| Tea | dite /ditə/ | — | teh /teh/ | teh /tɛh/ | teh /teh/ | — | xá /ʃa/ |
| Coffee | kafe /kaˈfe/ | — | kopi /ˈkopi/ | kopi /ˈkopi/ | kopi /kopi/ | — | kafé /kaˈfɛ/ |
| Sugar | siramamy /siraˈmami/ | — | gula /ˈɡula/ | gula /ˈɡula/ | — | — | masin-midar /masin-midar/ |
| Orange | voasary /vuˈsarʲ/ | — | oren /ˈoren/ | jeruk /dʒəˈruk/ | — | — | sabraka /sabraka/ |
| Ninety-nine | sivy amby sivifolo /sivʲ ambʲ siviˈfulu/ | — | sembilan puluh sembilan /səmbilan puluh səmbilan/ | sembilan puluh sembilan /səmbilan puluh səmbilan/ | jalatien puluh jalatien /dʒalatien puluh dʒalatien/ | — | sia-nulu resin sia /sia-nulu resin sia/ |
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