Tetun
Tetum
Austronesiana (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
Il tetum (Tetun; ISO 639-3: tet) è una lingua austronesiana e, secondo la Costituzione di Timor-Leste del 2002, una delle due lingue ufficiali del Paese insieme al portoghese. Il tetun dili, detto anche tetun prasa, è la principale lingua franca nazionale e la base del tetum ufficiale; secoli di contatto gli hanno fornito un vasto lessico portoghese. Il tetun terik comprende varietà regionali più conservative e conserva caratteristiche grammaticali ridotte o perdute nel tetun dili. Il tetum segue generalmente l’ordine soggetto–verbo–oggetto ed è in gran parte analitico, esprimendo molte relazioni grammaticali mediante ordine delle parole, particelle e parole funzionali anziché con un’estesa flessione; i suoi pronomi distinguono la prima persona plurale inclusiva ed esclusiva. Il decreto governativo 1/2004 ha adottato l’ortografia standard del tetum ufficiale a base latina, sviluppata dall’Istituto Nazionale di Linguistica per l’amministrazione statale, l’istruzione e la comunicazione pubblica.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tetum
Fonti
- Hull, Geoffrey (2002) Standard Tetum-English Dictionary (row spelling: haʼu, diʼak, xá, kafé, obrigadu); Tetun Dili Bible (bible.com 4763, 3775); Wiktionary Tetum
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
| Significato | Tetum | Atoni | Malese antico | Proto-austronesiano | Banjar | Batak angkola | Cham antico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | bee /beː/ | oe /oe/ | air /air/ | *daNum /daNum/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aek /aek/ | ie /ʔiə/ |
| Fuoco | ahi /ahi/ | ai /ai/ | api /api/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ |
| Sole | loron /loɾon/ | manas /manas/ | matari /matari/ | *waRi /waRi/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | huriy /hurij/ |
| Luna | fulan /fulan/ | fun /fun/ | bulan /bulan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Stella | fitun /ˈfitun/ | kfu /kfuʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ |
| Notte | kalan /kalan/ | fai /fai/ | malam /malam/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | borngin /borŋin/ | malam /malam/ |
| Pioggia | udan /ˈudan/ | ulan /ˈulan/ | — | *quzaN /quzaN/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | — |
| Neve | neve /ˈnɛvɛ/ | — | — | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — |
| Vento | anin /ˈanin/ | anin /anin/ | — | *bali /bali/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Terra | rai /ˈrai/ | afu /afu/ | — | *taneq /taneq/ | tanah /tanah/ | tano /tano/ | — |
| Pietra | fatuk /ˈfatuk/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ |
| Montagna | foho /foho/ | nuʼaf /nuʔaf/ | — | *bukij /bukij/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | — |
| Mare | tasi /tasi/ | tasi /tasi/ | — | *tenem /tenem/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | — |
| Madre | inan /inan/ | ainaf /ainaf/ | ibu /ibu/ | *ina /ina/ | uma /uma/ | inang /inaŋ/ | inā /ina/ |
| Padre | aman /aman/ | amat /amat/ | bapa /bapa/ | *ama /ama/ | abah /abah/ | amang /amaŋ/ | amā /ama/ |
| Figlia | oan feto /oan feto/ | anfeto /anfeto/ | — | — | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | boru /boru/ | — |
| Io | haʼu /haʔu/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | ku /ku/ |
| Tu | ó /ɔ/ | ho /ho/ | kamu /kamu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | ikam /ikam/ | ho /ho/ | hã /haː/ |
| Noi | ita / ami /ita / ami/ | hit / hai /hit / hai/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | naran /ˈnaran/ | kanan /ˈkanan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | angan /aŋan/ |
| Persona | ema /ema/ | atoni /atoni/ | — | *Cau /tsau/ | urang /uraŋ/ | halak /halak/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ |
| Testa | ulun /ulun/ | nakaf /nakaf/ | — | *quluh /quluh/ | kapala /kapala/ | ulu /ulu/ | — |
| Occhio | matan /matan/ | matan /matan/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ |
| Orecchio | tilun /tilun/ | luken /luken/ | — | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | — |
| Naso | inus /inus/ | pana /pana/ | — | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Bocca | ibun /ˈibun/ | fefan /fefan/ | — | — | muntung /muntuŋ/ | baba /baba/ | — |
| Dente | nehan /nehan/ | nisi /nisi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | tagai /taɡaj/ |
| Lingua | nanaan /nanaːn/ | maaʼ /maːʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | *Sema /Sema/ | ilat /ilat/ | dila /dila/ | dalah /dalah/ |
| Mano | liman /liman/ | ʼniman /ʔniman/ | tangan /taŋan/ | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | taŋin /taŋin/ |
| Piede | ain /ain/ | haef /haef/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | batis /batis/ | pat /pat/ | takai /takai/ |
| Cuore | fuan /fuan/ | nesa /nesa/ | hati /hati/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | ati /ati/ | roha /roha/ | hatai /hatai/ |
| Osso | ruin /ruin/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | talang /talaŋ/ |
| Sangue | raan /raːn/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | darah /darah/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | mudar /mudar/ | darah /darah/ |
| Cacca | teen /teːn/ | — | — | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tahi /tahi/ | — | — |
| Amore | domin /domin/ | nekat /nekat/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | holong /holoŋ/ | klɛn /klɛn/ |
| Albero | ai /ai/ | hau /hau/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | batang /bataŋ/ | hayu /haju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ |
| Cane | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | *asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ |
| Gatto | busa /busa/ | meo /meo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pusa /pusa/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | mɛw /mɛw/ |
| Pesce | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikaʼ /ikaʔ/ | ikan /ikan/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Uccello | manu /manu/ | kolo /kolo/ | burung /buruŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | cim /tʃim/ |
| Farfalla | borboleta /borboleta/ | — | — | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | — |
| Uovo | tolun /tolun/ | teko /teko/ | — | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | pira /pira/ | — |
| Orso | ursu /ˈursu/ | — | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | — |
| Cavallo | kuda /kuda/ | bikase /bikase/ | — | — | kuda /kuda/ | kudo /kudo/ | — |
| Casa | uma /uma/ | ume /ume/ | rumah /rumah/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | bagas /baɡas/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ |
| Latte | susubeen /susubeːn/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — |
| Miele | bani-been /bani-beːn/ | oni /oni/ | — | — | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | — |
| Sale | masin /ˈmasin/ | masiʼ /masiʔ/ | garam /ɡaram/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | uyah /ujah/ | sira /sira/ | — |
| Vino | tua-uvas /tua uvas/ | — | — | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — |
| Riso | foos /foːs/ | — | — | *beRas /beRas/ | baras /baras/ | — | — |
| Cioccolato | xoklate /ʃoklate/ | — | — | — | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | — |
| Ferro | besi /ˈbesi/ | besi /besi/ | — | *Namat /Namat/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | bosi /bosi/ | — |
| Ruota | roda /roda/ | — | — | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | — |
| Seta | seda /seda/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | — | sutra /sutra/ | surto /surto/ | — |
| Libro | livru /livɾu/ | sulat /sulat/ | — | — | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | — |
| Mangiare | han /han/ | ah /ah/ | makan /makan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | bɔh /bɔh/ |
| Bere | hemu /hemu/ | ninu /ninu/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ |
| Dormire | toba /ˈtoba/ | tup /tup/ | tidur /tidur/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | modom /modom/ | — |
| Uno | ida /ida/ | mese /mese/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ | asa /asa/ | sada /sada/ | sa /sa/ |
| Due | rua /ˈrua/ | nua /ˈnua/ | dua /dua/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Tre | tolu /tolu/ | tenu /tenu/ | tlu /tlu/ | *telu /telu/ | talu /talu/ | tolu /tolu/ | klau /klau/ |
| Quattro | haat /haːt/ | ha /ha/ | mpat /əmpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | opat /opat/ | pāt /paːt/ |
| Cinque | lima /lima/ | nim /nim/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | atus /atus/ | natun /natun/ | ratus /ratus/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | — |
| Ciao | bondia /bondia/ | neut /neut/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | obrigadu /obɾiɡadu/ | neno biluk /neno biluk/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | diʼak /diʔak/ | malaek /malaek/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | bagus /baɡus/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | siam /siam/ |
| Nuovo | foun /foun/ | feʼu /feʔu/ | — | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | — |
| Rosso | mean /mean/ | mtasaʼ /mtasaʔ/ | merah /merah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | habang /habaŋ/ | rara /rara/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ |
| Bianco | mutin /mutin/ | mutiʼ /mutiʔ/ | putih /putih/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | bontar /bontar/ | patih /patih/ |
| Nero | metan /metan/ | metan /metan/ | hitam /hitam/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Verde | matak /matak/ | mateʼ /mateʔ/ | — | — | hijau /hidʒau/ | rata /rata/ | — |
| Blu | biru /biru/ | — | — | — | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | — |
| Computer | komputadór /komputaˈdoɾ/ | — | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | — |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /waifai/ | — | — | — | Wi-Fi | — | — |
| Tè | xá /ʃa/ | — | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | — |
| Caffè | kafé /kaˈfɛ/ | — | — | — | kupi /kupi/ | — | — |
| Zucchero | masin-midar /masin-midar/ | — | — | — | gula /ɡula/ | — | — |
| Arancia | sabraka /sabraka/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 99 | sia-nulu resin sia /sia-nulu resin sia/ | boʼsio am sio /boʔsio am sio/ | — | — | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | sambilan pulu sambilan /sambilan pulu sambilan/ | — |
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