Tiv
Kitiv
Niger-Kongo
Kitiv ni lugha kuu ya kabila la Wativ, idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wasio Wahausa-Wafulani katika Nigeria ya kati, ikiwa na wazungumzaji wapatao milioni 5 waliojikita katika Jimbo la Benue karibu na Gboko na Makurdi. Kiisimu, Kitiv ni cha kikundi kidogo cha Tivoid ndani ya Bantoid (tawi dada la lugha za Kibantu), lakini lugha nyingine nyingi za Tivoid ziko Kamerun, jambo linalofanya Kitiv kiwe peke yake kijiografia ndani ya kikundi chake kidogo. Kitiv kina sifa za kawaida za Niger-Congo: mfumo wa madaraja ya nomino (~madaraja 10), toni (toni 3 zenye downstep), na mpangilio wa viambajengo wa SVO. Kamusi ya Tiv-Kiingereza ya Abraham (1940) bado ni marejeo ya msingi. Kitiv kina mapokeo imara ya kifasihi tangu miaka ya 1930, yakiwemo kazi kuu kama Agano Jipya la Kitiv (1936) na gazeti la lugha ya Kitiv "Tion".
Maeneo inakozungumzwa
Maneno 87 ya msingi katika Kitiv
côkoleeti
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha zenye uainishaji ule ule: Niger-Kongo
| Maana | Kitiv | Kibemba | Kitonga cha Zambia | Kikaonde | Kinyaturu | Kiluvale | Kikikuyu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | mngerem /mŋɡɛɾɛm/ | amenshi /amenʃi/ | meenda /meːnda/ | mema /mema/ | maji /madʒi/ | meya /meja/ | maaĩ /maːe/ |
| Moto | usu /usu/ | umulilo /umulilo/ | mulilo /mulilo/ | mujilo /mudʒilo/ | moto /moto/ | kakahya /kakahja/ | mwaki /mwaki/ |
| Jua | iyange /ijaŋɡe/ | akasuba /akasuba/ | zuba /zuba/ | juba /dʒuba/ | yura /juɾa/ | likumbi /likumbi/ | riũa /ɾioa/ |
| Mwezi | uwer /uwɛɾ/ | umweshi /umweʃi/ | mwezi /mwezi/ | ng'ondo /ŋondo/ | umweri /umweɾi/ | kakweji /kakwedʒi/ | mweri /mwɛɾi/ |
| Nyota | ishan /iˈʃan/ | intanda /intanda/ | nyenyezi /ɲeˈɲezi/ | ntaanda /ntaːnda/ | njota /ndʒota/ | tanganyeka /taŋɡaˈɲeka/ | njata /ɲdʒata/ |
| Usiku | tugh /tuɣ/ | ubushiku /ubuʃiku/ | busiku /busiku/ | bufuku /bufuku/ | utiku /utiku/ | ufuku /ufuku/ | ũtukũ /otuko/ |
| Mvua | ura /ˈura/ | imfula /imˈfula/ | imvula /imvula/ | mvula /mvula/ | mbura /mbura/ | vula /vula/ | mbura /ˈmbura/ |
| Theluji | senou /senou/ | ubunga bwa mfula /ubuŋɡa bwa mfula/ | caanda /tʃaːnda/ | sino /sino/ | seluji /seludʒi/ | mbundu /mbundu/ | ira /ˈiɾa/ |
| Upepo | ahumbe /ahumbe/ | umwela /umwela/ | muwo /muwo/ | lubesha /lubeʃa/ | mpefo /mpefo/ | peho /peho/ | rũhuho /ɾòhùːhɔ̀/ |
| Udongo | tar /tar/ | umushili /umuʃili/ | bulongo /buloŋɡo/ | mushiji /muʃidʒi/ | irongo /iɾoŋɡo/ | mavu /mavu/ | tĩĩri /teːɾi/ |
| Jiwe | iwen /iwen/ | ibwe /iˈbwe/ | ibbwe /iˈbwe/ | jibwe /dʒibwe/ | igwe /iɡwe/ | lilolwa /lilolwa/ | ihiga /iˈhiɣa/ |
| Mlima | uwo /uwo/ | ulupili /ulupili/ | cilundu /tʃilundu/ | mutumba /mutumba/ | gitanto /ɡitanto/ | pili /pili/ | kĩrĩma /keɾema/ |
| Bahari | zegemnger /zeɡemŋɡɛɾ/ | bemba /bemba/ | lwaanje /lwaːndʒe/ | kalunga /kaluŋɡa/ | irambo /iɾambo/ | kalungalwiji /kaluŋɡalwidʒi/ | — |
| Mama | ngo /ŋɡo/ | bamayo /bamajo/ | bama /bama/ | bamama /bamama/ | mama /mama/ | mama /mama/ | maitũ /maito/ |
| Baba | ter /tɛɾ/ | bataata /bataːta/ | bataata /bataːta/ | bataata /bataːta/ | tata /tata/ | tata /tata/ | baba /baba/ |
| Binti | wan u kwase /wan u kwase/ | umwana mwanakashi /umwana mwanakaʃi/ | mwana musimbi /mwana musimbi/ | mwana wamukazhi /mwana wamukaʒi/ | muncha /muntʃa/ | mwana wapwevo /mwana wapwevo/ | mwarĩ /mwaɾe/ |
| Mimi | mo /mɔ/ | ine /ine/ | ime /ime/ | amiwa /amiwa/ | une /une/ | ami /ami/ | niĩ /nie/ |
| Wewe | we /we/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | obewa /obewa/ | uwe /uwe/ | ove /ove/ | wee /wɛː/ |
| Sisi | se /se/ | ifwe /ifwe/ | iswe /iswe/ | atweba /atweba/ | sese /sese/ | etu /etu/ | ithuĩ /iðue/ |
| Jina | iti /iˈti/ | ishina /iʃina/ | izina /iˈziːna/ | jizhina /dʒiʒina/ | rina /ɾina/ | lijina /liˈʒina/ | rĩĩtwa /ɾeːtwa/ |
| Mtu | or /or/ | umuntu /umuntu/ | muntu /muntu/ | muntu /muntu/ | muntu /muntu/ | mutu /mutu/ | mũndũ /mondo/ |
| Kichwa | ityough /itjouɣ/ | umutwe /umutwe/ | mutwe /mutwe/ | mutwe /mutwe/ | itwe /itwe/ | mutwe /mutwe/ | mũtwe /motwɛ/ |
| Jicho | ishe /iʃe/ | ilinso /ilinso/ | liso /liso/ | jiso /dʒiso/ | riho /riho/ | liso /liso/ | riitho /riːðɔ/ |
| Sikio | togh /toɣ/ | ukutwi /ukutwi/ | kutwi /kutwi/ | kutwi /kutwi/ | ikutwi /ikutwi/ | litwitwi /litwitwi/ | gũtũ /ɣoto/ |
| Pua | hinga /hiŋɡa/ | umona /umona/ | impemo /impemo/ | moona /moːna/ | mpura /mpuɾa/ | lizulu /lizulu/ | iniũrũ /inioɾo/ |
| Mdomo | zwa /zwa/ | akanwa /akanwa/ | kanwa /kanwa/ | kanwa /kanwa/ | momo /momo/ | kanwa /kanwa/ | kanua /kaˈnua/ |
| Jino | inyigh /iɲiɣ/ | ilino /ilino/ | linyo /liɲo/ | jiino /dʒiːno/ | ino /ino/ | lizo /lizo/ | igego /iɣɛɣɔ/ |
| Ulimi | nombor /nombor/ | ululimi /ululimi/ | mulaka /mulaka/ | lujimi /ludʒimi/ | urimi /urimi/ | limi /limi/ | rũrĩmĩ /ɾoɾeme/ |
| Mkono | uwegh /uweɣ/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ | kuboko /kuboko/ | kuboko /kuboko/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ | livoko /livoko/ | guoko /ɡuɔkɔ/ |
| Mguu | nguhar /ŋɡuhar/ | ulukasa /ulukasa/ | cituta /tʃituta/ | kuulu /kuːlu/ | mughuu /muɣuː/ | lihinji /lihindʒi/ | kũgũrũ /koɣoro/ |
| Moyo | ishima /iʃima/ | umutima /umutima/ | moyo /mojo/ | muchima /mutʃima/ | umutima /umutima/ | mutima /mutima/ | ngoro /ŋɡɔɾɔ/ |
| Mfupa | kuhe /kuhe/ | ifupa /ifupa/ | ifuwa /ifuwa/ | kupa /kupa/ | ikufa /ikufa/ | lifuwa /lifuwa/ | ihĩndĩ /ihende/ |
| Damu | awambe /awambe/ | umulopa /umulopa/ | bulowa /bulowa/ | mashi /maʃi/ | sakami /sakami/ | manyinga /maɲiŋɡa/ | thakame /ðakamɛ/ |
| Kinyesi | akôngo /akɔŋɡo/ | amafi /amafi/ | tubi /tubi/ | — | — | tuji /tudʒi/ | mai /mai/ |
| Upendo | dooshima /doːʃima/ | ukutemwa /ukutemwa/ | luyando /lujando/ | butemwe /butemwe/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | zangi /zaŋɡi/ | wendo /wɛndɔ/ |
| Mti | kon /kon/ | icimuti /itʃimuti/ | cisamu /tʃisamu/ | kichi /kitʃi/ | umuti /umuti/ | mutondo /mutondo/ | mũtĩ /mote/ |
| Mbwa | iwa /iwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | muvwa /muvwa/ | kabwa /kabwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | kawa /kawa/ | ngui /ŋɡui/ |
| Paka | anyam /aɲam/ | pushi /puʃi/ | kaaze /kaːze/ | kapuso /kapuso/ | paka /paka/ | katako /katako/ | nyaũ /ɲao/ |
| Samaki | ishu /iʃu/ | isabi /isabi/ | inswi /inswi/ | jisabi /dʒisabi/ | somba /somba/ | shi /ʃi/ | thamaki /ðamaki/ |
| Ndege | inyon /iɲɔn/ | icuni /itʃuni/ | kayuni /kajuni/ | ng'onyi /ŋoɲi/ | nyonyi /ɲoɲi/ | kajila /kadʒila/ | nyoni /ˈɲɔni/ |
| Kipepeo | kokombo /kokombo/ | icipelebesha /itʃipelebeːʃa/ | inkoonkolekwa /iŋkoːŋkolekwa/ | kipupulwa /kipupulwa/ | — | kauyauya /kaujauja/ | kĩĩhuruta /keːhuruːta/ |
| Yai | ijikegh /idʒikeɣ/ | ilini /ilini/ | iji /idʒi/ | jike /dʒike/ | ighe /iɣe/ | liulu /liulu/ | itumbĩ /itumbe/ |
| Farasi | nyinya /ɲiɲa/ | kabalwe /kabalwe/ | ibbiza /iˈbiza/ | mbili /mbili/ | nyumbu /ɲumbu/ | kavalu /kavalu/ | mbarathi /mbaɾaði/ |
| Nyumba | ya /ja/ | ingʼanda /iŋːanda/ | ngʼanda /ŋanda/ | nzubo /nzubo/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | zuvo /zuvo/ | nyũmba /ɲomba/ |
| Maziwa | atumba /atumba/ | umukaka /umukaka/ | mukupa /mukupa/ | mukaka /mukaka/ | maya /maja/ | mavele /mavele/ | iria /iria/ |
| Asali | iyough /ijouɣ/ | ubuci /ubutʃi/ | buci /butʃi/ | buki /buki/ | ruke /ruke/ | uchi /utʃi/ | ũũkĩ /oːke/ |
| Chumvi | bar /baɾ/ | umucele /umutʃele/ | munyo /muɲo/ | mukele /mukele/ | munyu /muɲu/ | mungwa /muŋɡwa/ | cumbĩ /tʃumbe/ |
| Mvinyo | wain /wain/ | umwangashi /umwaŋɡaʃi/ | waini /waini/ | binyu /biɲu/ | divai /divai/ | vinyo /viɲo/ | ndibei /ndibɛi/ |
| Chokoleti | côkoleeti | chokoleti | ccokoleti | — | — | — | chocolate |
| Chuma | iyôgh /ijɔɣ/ | icela /iˈtʃela/ | butale /butale/ | kapotwe /kapotwe/ | ichuma /itʃuma/ | fwelu /fwelu/ | kĩgera /keˈɣɛra/ |
| Gurudumu | ikyaver /ikjaver/ | umupeto /umupeto/ | ivwili /iˈvwili/ | kitanga /kitaŋɡa/ | — | lifumbo /lifumbo/ | kĩgaragari /keɣaraɣari/ |
| Hariri | shiliti /ʃiliti/ | shiliki /ʃiliki/ | — | shilika /ʃilika/ | hariri /haɾiɾi/ | shiliki /ʃiliki/ | hariri /haɾiɾi/ |
| Kitabu | takerada /takerada/ | icitabo /itʃitabo/ | ibbuku /iˈbuku/ | buku /buku/ | gitabu /ɡitabu/ | mukanda /mukanda/ | ibuku /iβuku/ |
| Kula | yan /jan/ | ukulya /ukulja/ | kulya /kulja/ | kuja /kudʒa/ | kuria /kuɾia/ | kulya /kuʎa/ | kũrĩa /koɾea/ |
| Kunywa | mba /mba/ | ukunwa /ukunwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ | kutoma /kutoma/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | kũnyua /koɲua/ |
| Kulala | yav /jav/ | ukulaala /ukulaːla/ | koona /koːna/ | kulaala /kulaːla/ | kurara /kuɾaɾa/ | kusavala /kusavala/ | gũkoma /ɣoˈkɔma/ |
| Moja | mom /mom/ | cimo /tʃimo/ | mwi /mwi/ | umo /umo/ | umwe /umwe/ | mwe /mwe/ | ĩmwe /emwɛ/ |
| Mbili | uhar /uˈhar/ | fibili /fibili/ | bili /bili/ | babiji /babidʒi/ | aviri /aβiri/ | vali /vali/ | igĩrĩ /iɣeɾe/ |
| Tatu | utar /utar/ | fitatu /fitatu/ | totatwe /totatwe/ | basatu /basatu/ | itatu /itatu/ | tatu /tatu/ | ithatũ /iðato/ |
| Nne | unyiin /uɲiː/ | fine /fine/ | ne /ne/ | bana /bana/ | inne /inːe/ | wana /wana/ | inya /iɲa/ |
| Tano | utaan /utaːn/ | fisano /fisano/ | musanu /musanu/ | batanu /batanu/ | itano /itano/ | tanu /tanu/ | ithano /iðanɔ/ |
| Mia | deri /dɛɾi/ | umwanda /umwanda/ | mwaanda /mwaːnda/ | kitota /kitota/ | ighana /iɣana/ | likulukaji /likulukadʒi/ | igana /iɣana/ |
| Habari | m sugh /m suɣ/ | muli shani /muli ʃani/ | mwabuka buti /mwabuka buti/ | mwapoñai /mwapoɲai/ | mbukire /mbukiɾe/ | mwane /mwane/ | wĩmwega /wemwɛɡa/ |
| Asante | m sugh u /m suɣ u/ | natotela /natotela/ | twalumba /twalumba/ | nasanta /nasanta/ | asante /aˈsante/ | nasakwilila /nasakwilila/ | nĩ wega /ne wɛɡa/ |
| Nzuri | dedoo /dedoː/ | cisuma /tʃisuma/ | kabotu /kabotu/ | kyawama /kjawama/ | kihi /kihi/ | mwaza /mwaza/ | wega /wɛɡa/ |
| Mpya | he /he/ | cipya /tʃipja/ | pya /pja/ | kipya /kipja/ | mpya /mpja/ | chihya /tʃihja/ | kĩerũ /keɛro/ |
| Nyekundu | nyian /ɲian/ | kashika /kaʃika/ | subila /subila/ | chila /tʃila/ | ntune /ntune/ | chikuhwa /tʃikuhwa/ | ũtune /otunɛ/ |
| Nyeupe | pupu /pupu/ | buuta /buːta/ | salala /salala/ | toka /toka/ | njeru /ndʒeru/ | chitoma /tʃitoma/ | werũ /wɛro/ |
| Nyeusi | il /il/ | fiita /fiːta/ | siya /sija/ | fiita /fiːta/ | njiutiki /ndʒiutiki/ | chilava /tʃilava/ | ũirũ /oiro/ |
| Kijani | kwel /kʷel/ | katapa /katapa/ | — | — | — | — | ngirini /ŋɡirini/ |
| Buluu | kwel /kʷel/ | — | — | — | — | — | bururu /bururu/ |
| Kompyuta | kômputa /kɔmputa/ | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | kkompyuta /ˈkompjuta/ | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | — | kopyuta /kopjuta/ | kompiuta /kɔmpiuta/ |
| Chai | tii /tiː/ | tii /tiː/ | tii /tiː/ | — | — | tiyi /tiji/ | cai /tʃaːi/ |
| Kahawa | kofi /kofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | kkofi /ˈkofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | — | kofi /kofi/ | kahũa /kahowa/ |
| Sukari | shogar /ʃoɡar/ | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | syuga /sjuɡa/ | shuka /ʃuka/ | — | shuka /ʃuka/ | cukari /tʃukaːɾi/ |
| Chungwa | alum /alum/ | — | — | — | — | lilalanja | icungwa /itʃuŋɡwa/ |
| 99 | akunduanyiingber kar utaankarunyiin /akunduaɲiːɡber kar utaːnkaruɲiː/ | amakumi pabula na pabula /amakumi pabula na pabula/ | makumi aali fuka afuka /makumi aːli fuka afuka/ | makumi atanu na ana ne itanu na ina /makumi atanu na ana ne itanu na ina/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | makumi atanu naawana navatanu navawana /makumi atanu naːwana navatanu navawana/ | mĩrongo kenda na kenda /meɾɔŋɡɔ kɛnda na kɛnda/ |
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