Djambarrpuyŋu
Djambarrpuyngu
Pama-Nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
Djambarrpuyŋu ist eine Yolŋu-Matha-Varietät der Dhuwal-Gruppe, die im Nordosten des Arnhemlands im australischen Northern Territory gesprochen wird und ihren Schwerpunkt in Galiwin'ku (Elcho Island) hat. Sie ist die am weitesten verbreitete Aboriginesprache der Region und dient als Verkehrssprache zwischen den Yolŋu-Clans, weshalb die Volkszählung von 2021 rund 3.800 Sprecher zählte — mehr als für fast jede andere traditionelle australische Sprache. Grammatisch ist sie Pama-Nyungan: stark kasusmarkierend, mit sehr freier Wortstellung und einem Pronominalsystem, das Singular, Dual und Plural sowie ein inklusives und ein exklusives „wir“ unterscheidet. Ihr Wortschatz trägt eine markante Schicht makassarischer Lehnwörter aus Jahrhunderten des Trepang-Handels mit Sulawesi — walu „Sonne, Tag“ wird auf makassarisch allo zurückgeführt. Ungewöhnlich für eine australische Sprache wird sie noch immer von Kindern als Erstsprache erworben, und es gibt ein vollständiges Neues Testament (2008) sowie ein umfangreiches Wörterbuch und eine Referenzgrammatik.
Wo die Sprache gesprochen wird
Djambarrpuyngu: 87 Kernwörter
Quellen
Wörter im Vergleich
Verglichen mit verwandten Sprachen: Pama-Nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
| Bedeutung | Djambarrpuyngu | Ngunnawal | Warnman | Warlpiri | Guugu Yimithirr | Walmajarri | Martu Wangka |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasser | gapu /ɡapu/ | kungal /kuŋal/ | kalyu /kaʎu/ | ngapa /ŋapa/ | buurraay /buːraːj/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | kapi /kapi/ |
| Feuer | gurtha /ɡuɻt̪a/ | warba /waɻba/ | nguja /ŋuɟa/ | warlu /waɭu/ | yugu /juɡu/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | waru /waɻu/ |
| Sonne | walu /walu/ | winyu /wiɲu/ | karrpu /karpu/ | wanta /wanta/ | ngalan /ŋalan/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | jirntu /ciɳʈu/ |
| Mond | ŋaḻindi /ŋaɭindi/ | birrang /biɻaŋ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ | kirntangi /kiɳʈaŋi/ | giidha /ɡiːd̪a/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ |
| Stern | ganyu /ɡaɲu/ | dyurra /ɟura/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ | yanjilypiri /jaɲɟiʎpiɻi/ | dawaar /dawaːɻ/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ |
| Nacht | gämuk /ɡaːmuk/ | kaku /kaku/ | payin /pajin/ | munga /muŋa/ | wudhurr /wud̪ur/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | munga /muŋa/ |
| Regen | waltjaṉ /walcaɳ/ | garrit /ɡaɻit/ | kuluwa /kuluwa/ | minyira /miɲiɻa/ | madyi /maɟi/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | — |
| Wind | wäŋi /waːŋi/ | — | karlalarra /kaɭalara/ | warlpa /waɭpa/ | daan.gaay /daːnɡaːj/ | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | walypa /waʎpa/ |
| Erde | munathaʼ /munat̪aʔ/ | dhaura /d̪auɻa/ | langa /laŋa/ | walya /walja/ | bubu /bubu/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | manta /manta/ |
| Stein | guṉḏa /ɡuɳɖa/ | wullung /wuluŋ/ | purli /puɭi/ | pirli /piɭi/ | nambal /nambal/ | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | yapu /japu/ |
| Berg | buku /buku/ | — | — | pamarrpa /pamaɾpa/ | manydyal /maɲɟal/ | — | — |
| Meer | gapu moṉuk /ɡapu moɳuk/ | — | — | mangkuru /maŋkuɻu/ | dhalun /d̪alun/ | jawurlata /ˈɟawuɭata/ | kujungurru /kucuŋuru/ |
| Mutter | ŋäṉḏi /ŋaːɳɖi/ | guni /ɡuni/ | pipirnpa /pipiɳpa/ | ngati /ŋati/ | ngamu /ŋamu/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | yipi /jipi/ |
| Vater | bäpa /baːpa/ | pumba /pumba/ | mamarnpa /mamaɳpa/ | kirda /kiɖa/ | biiba /biːba/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | mama /mama/ |
| Tochter | gäthu /ɡaːt̪u/ | — | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | ngudhurr /ŋud̪ur/ | kurntal /ˈkuɳʈal/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ |
| Ich | ŋarra /ŋara/ | ngaya /ŋaja/ | parra /para/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ |
| Du | nhe /n̪e/ | ngindu /ŋindu/ | parrangku /paraŋku/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyundu /ɲundu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ |
| Wir | limurr / ŋanapurr /limur / ŋanapur/ | gulanyin / gulanyilla /ɡulaɲin / ɡulaɲila/ | parrawarta /parawaʈa/ | ngalipa / nganimpa /ŋalipa / ŋanimpa/ | nganhdhaan / nganhdhanun /ŋan̪d̪aːn / ŋan̪d̪anun/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | — /—/ |
| Name | yäku /jaːku/ | yini /jini/ | lirrka /lirka/ | yirdi /jiɖi/ | gadil /ɡadil/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ |
| Mensch | yolŋu /jolŋu/ | wurrunbill /wuɻunbil/ | kirta /kiʈa/ | yapa /japa/ | bama /bama/ | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | martu /maʈu/ |
| Kopf | ḻiya /ɭija/ | guddagong /ɡuddaɡoŋ/ | kata /kata/ | jurru /ɟuru/ | ngaabaay /ŋaːbaːj/ | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | kata /kata/ |
| Auge | mel /mel/ | mil /mil/ | panaya /panaja/ | milpa /milpa/ | miil /miːl/ | mil /mil/ | kuru /kuɻu/ |
| Ohr | mäkiriʼ /maːkiɻiʔ/ | guri /ɡuɻi/ | kurlka /kuɭka/ | langa /laŋa/ | milga /milɡa/ | pina /ˈpina/ | pina /pina/ |
| Nase | ŋurru /ŋuru/ | nyigity /ɲiɡiɟ/ | mulya /muʎa/ | mulyu /muʎu/ | budhiil /bud̪iːl/ | punul /ˈpunul/ | mulya /muʎa/ |
| Mund | dhä /d̪aː/ | dhambir /d̪ambiɻ/ | jawa /ɟawa/ | lirra /liɾa/ | barrgaar /barɡaːɻ/ | — | jaa /caː/ |
| Zahn | ḻirra /ɭira/ | weera /weːra/ | yirra /jira/ | kartirdi /kaʈiɖi/ | muliir /muliːɻ/ | lirra /lira/ | yirra /jira/ |
| Zunge | matha /mat̪a/ | dalang /dalaŋ/ | nyanyjarla /ɲaɲɟaɭa/ | jalanypa /ɟalaɲpa/ | nganhdhaar /ŋan̪d̪aːɻ/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | jarlinypa /caɭiɲpa/ |
| Hand | goŋ /ɡoŋ/ | mara /maɻa/ | mapirrpa /mapirpa/ | rdaka /ɖaka/ | mangal /maŋal/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | mara /maɻa/ |
| Fuß | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | dyinang /ɟinaŋ/ | jina /ɟina/ | wirliya /wiɭija/ | dhamal /d̪amal/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | jina /cina/ |
| Herz | ḏoṯurrk /ɖoʈurk/ | gauar /ɡauar/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ | rduku-rduku /ɖukuɖuku/ | dadhali /dad̪ali/ | turlpu /ˈtuɭpu/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ |
| Knochen | ŋaraka /ŋaɻaka/ | wiak /wiak/ | yika /jika/ | larrpa /laɾpa/ | badhibay /bad̪ibaj/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | tarrka /tarka/ |
| Blut | gulaŋ /ɡulaŋ/ | guruba /ɡuruba/ | miji /miɟi/ | yalyu /jaʎu/ | ganbi /ɡanbi/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | miji /miɟi/ |
| Kacke | guḻaʼ /ɡuɭaʔ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | murla /muɭa/ | kuna /kuna/ | mangga /maŋɡa/ | kura /ˈkuɻa/ | — |
| Liebe | djäl /ɟaːl/ | marmit /maɻmit/ | — /—/ | yulkami /julkami/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mukulyu /mukuʎu/ |
| Baum | dharpa /d̪aɻpa/ | warabi /waɻabi/ | mungka /muŋka/ | watiya /watija/ | yugu /juɡu/ | mana /mana/ | warta /waʈa/ |
| Hund | wuŋgan /wuŋɡan/ | mirri /miɻi/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | gudaa /ɡudaː/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | papa /papa/ |
| Katze | butjikit /bucikit/ | poosi /puːsi/ | pujikatu /puɟikatu/ | mungalpa /muŋalpa/ | buthigan /but̪iɡan/ | miyawu /mijawu/ | — /—/ |
| Fisch | guya /ɡuja/ | kuya /kuja/ | kapi /kapi/ | yawu /jawu/ | guudyu /ɡuːɟu/ | kapi /kapi/ | yurta /juʈa/ |
| Schmetterling | boṉba /boɳba/ | — | wirripintapinta /wiripintapinta/ | pinta-pinta /pintapinta/ | walbuulbul /walbuːlbul/ | pirrpirntipirnti /pirpiɳʈipiɳʈi/ | — |
| Ei | mapuʼ /mapuʔ/ | gubbong /ɡubboŋ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ | ngipiri /ŋipiɻi/ | gundil /ɡundil/ | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ |
| Pferd | yarramanʼ /jaramanʔ/ | — | — | nantuwu /nantuwu/ | yarraman /jaraman/ | timana /ˈtimana/ | yawarta /jawaʈa/ |
| Haus | buṉbu /buɳbu/ | kuni /kuni/ | maya /maja/ | yuwarli /juwaɭi/ | bayan /bajan/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | ngurra /ŋura/ |
| Milch | ŋamunʼkurr /ŋamunʔkur/ | — | — | lampurnu /lampuɳu/ | guyuu /ɡujuː/ | — | ngama /ŋama/ |
| Honig | guku /ɡuku/ | kawangkal /kawaŋkal/ | — | ngarlu /ŋaɭu/ | mula /mula/ | karlaka /ˈkaɭaka/ | karluwari /kaɭuwaɻi/ |
| Salz | djeʼla /ɟeʔla/ | — | — | jarlti /ɟaɭti/ | — | — | juulu /cuːlu/ |
| Wein | borum wiyikaʼ /boɻum wijikaʔ/ | — | — | pama /pama/ | — | wayin /ˈwajin/ | wama /wama/ |
| Eisen | balaʼ /balaʔ/ | — | — | yayini /jajini/ | — | — | yayinpa /jajinpa/ |
| Rad | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | — | wiilpa /wiːlpa/ | wirli /wiɭi/ | — | — | taaya /taːja/ |
| Buch | djorraʼ /ɟoraʔ/ | — | — | pipa /pipa/ | — | — | mirlimirli /miɭimiɭi/ |
| Essen | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | daring /daɻiŋ/ | nyarrarni /ɲaraɳi/ | ngarni /ŋaɳi/ | budal /budal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | ngalku- /ŋalku/ |
| Trinken | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | nyu /ɲu/ | jikila /ɟikila/ | purrami /puɾami/ | dyidyal /ɟiɟal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | jikirnu /cikiɳu/ |
| Schlafen | ŋorra /ŋora/ | ngambori /ŋamboɻi/ | kunyalajuwa /kuɲalaɟuwa/ | jarda ngunami /ɟaɖa ŋunami/ | waarrnggu /waːrŋɡu/ | manyan /ˈmaɲan/ | kunyalarri- /kuɲalari/ |
| Eins | waŋgany /waŋɡaɲ/ | meddhung /med̪uŋ/ | kumpinyu /kumpiɲu/ | jinta /ɟinta/ | nubuun /nubuːn/ | layi /laji/ | kuju /kucu/ |
| Zwei | märrmaʼ /maːrmaʔ/ | bula /bula/ | kujarra /kuɟara/ | jirrama /ɟiɾama/ | gudhiirra /ɡud̪iːra/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | kujarra /kucara/ |
| Drei | ḻurrkunʼ /ɭurkunʔ/ | bula mittong /bula mitoŋ/ | kujarrakumpinyu /kuɟarakumpiɲu/ | jirrama-kari-jinta /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟinta/ | guunduu /ɡuːnduː/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | yurri /juri/ |
| Vier | ḏämbumiriw /ɖaːmbumiɻiw/ | — | kujarrakujarra /kuɟarakuɟara/ | jirrama-kari-jirrama-kari /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟiɾamakaɾi/ | — | — | puu /puː/ |
| Fünf | goŋ-waŋgany /ɡoŋwaŋɡaɲ/ | — | — | rdaka-pala /ɖakapala/ | gaguwarr /ɡaɡuwar/ | — | payip /pajip/ |
| Hallo | Nhämirri nhe? /n̪aːmiri n̪e/ | yumalundi /jumalundi/ | palya /paʎa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Danke | — /—/ | miyamala /mijamala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Gut | manymak /maɲmak/ | walunga /waluŋa/ | ngalypa /ŋaʎpa/ | ngurrju /ŋuɾɟu/ | dabaar /dabaːɻ/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | palya /paʎa/ |
| Neu | yuṯa /juʈa/ | — | — | jalangu-warnu /ɟalaŋuwaɳu/ | nhilaa /n̪ilaː/ | jalangjalang /ˈɟalaŋɟalaŋ/ | jalykarra /caʎkara/ |
| Rot | mikuʼ /mikuʔ/ | dhiram-dhiram /d̪iɾamd̪iɾam/ | martarr /maʈar/ | yalyu-yalyu /jaʎujaʎu/ | diini /diːni/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | miji-miji /miɟimiɟi/ |
| Weiß | watharr /wat̪ar/ | daguru-gurag /daɡuɾuɡuɾaɡ/ | mirtamirta /miʈamiʈa/ | kardirri /kaɖiɾi/ | dyinggaa /ɟiŋɡaː/ | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | ngintarlpa /ŋintaɭpa/ |
| Schwarz | gurrŋanʼ /ɡurŋanʔ/ | buru-bura /buɻubuɻa/ | warrukurla /warukuɭa/ | kirdily /kiɖiʎ/ | munhi /mun̪i/ | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | — |
| Grün | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ |
| Blau | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | maru-maru /maɻumaɻu/ |
| Tee | dhilip /d̪ilip/ | — | — | — | buurr /buːr/ | — | — |
| Kaffee | gopi /ɡopi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Zucker | djokaʼ /ɟokaʔ/ | — | — | juka /ɟuka/ | — | walyarra /ˈwaʎara/ | — |
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