Djambarrpuyŋu
Djambarrpuyngu
pama-nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
Il djambarrpuyŋu è una varietà yolŋu matha del gruppo dhuwal, parlata nel nord-est della Terra di Arnhem, nel Territorio del Nord australiano, e imperniata su Galiwin'ku (isola di Elcho). È la lingua aborigena più parlata della regione e funziona da lingua franca tra i clan yolŋu, ragione per cui il censimento del 2021 ha contato circa 3.800 parlanti — più di quasi ogni altra lingua tradizionale australiana. Dal punto di vista grammaticale è pama-nyungana: fortemente marcata per caso, con ordine delle parole molto libero e un sistema pronominale che distingue singolare, duale e plurale, oltre al 'noi' inclusivo ed esclusivo. Il suo lessico porta uno strato caratteristico di prestiti macassaresi, frutto di secoli di commercio della trepang con Sulawesi — walu 'sole, giorno' è ricondotto al makasar allo. Cosa insolita per una lingua australiana, è ancora acquisita dai bambini come prima lingua, e dispone di un Nuovo Testamento completo (2008) oltre che di un ampio dizionario e di una grammatica di riferimento.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in djambarrpuyngu
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: pama-nyunga (Yolŋu, Dhuwal)
| Significato | Djambarrpuyngu | Ngunnawal | Warnman | Warlpiri | Guugu yimithirr | Walmajarri | Martu wangka |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | gapu /ɡapu/ | kungal /kuŋal/ | kalyu /kaʎu/ | ngapa /ŋapa/ | buurraay /buːraːj/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | kapi /kapi/ |
| Fuoco | gurtha /ɡuɻt̪a/ | warba /waɻba/ | nguja /ŋuɟa/ | warlu /waɭu/ | yugu /juɡu/ | warlu /ˈwaɭu/ | waru /waɻu/ |
| Sole | walu /walu/ | winyu /wiɲu/ | karrpu /karpu/ | wanta /wanta/ | ngalan /ŋalan/ | purangu /puɻaŋu/ | jirntu /ciɳʈu/ |
| Luna | ŋaḻindi /ŋaɭindi/ | birrang /biɻaŋ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ | kirntangi /kiɳʈaŋi/ | giidha /ɡiːd̪a/ | yakarn /jakaɳ/ | panyalpa /paɲalpa/ |
| Stella | ganyu /ɡaɲu/ | dyurra /ɟura/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ | yanjilypiri /jaɲɟiʎpiɻi/ | dawaar /dawaːɻ/ | wirl /wiɭ/ | kurtalya /kuʈaʎa/ |
| Notte | gämuk /ɡaːmuk/ | kaku /kaku/ | payin /pajin/ | munga /muŋa/ | wudhurr /wud̪ur/ | pukanya /pukaɲa/ | munga /muŋa/ |
| Pioggia | waltjaṉ /walcaɳ/ | garrit /ɡaɻit/ | kuluwa /kuluwa/ | minyira /miɲiɻa/ | madyi /maɟi/ | ngapa /ˈŋapa/ | — |
| Vento | wäŋi /waːŋi/ | — | karlalarra /kaɭalara/ | warlpa /waɭpa/ | daan.gaay /daːnɡaːj/ | walypa /ˈwaʎpa/ | walypa /waʎpa/ |
| Terra | munathaʼ /munat̪aʔ/ | dhaura /d̪auɻa/ | langa /laŋa/ | walya /walja/ | bubu /bubu/ | nguwa /ˈŋuwa/ | manta /manta/ |
| Pietra | guṉḏa /ɡuɳɖa/ | wullung /wuluŋ/ | purli /puɭi/ | pirli /piɭi/ | nambal /nambal/ | pamarr /ˈpamar/ | yapu /japu/ |
| Montagna | buku /buku/ | — | — | pamarrpa /pamaɾpa/ | manydyal /maɲɟal/ | — | — |
| Mare | gapu moṉuk /ɡapu moɳuk/ | — | — | mangkuru /maŋkuɻu/ | dhalun /d̪alun/ | jawurlata /ˈɟawuɭata/ | kujungurru /kucuŋuru/ |
| Madre | ŋäṉḏi /ŋaːɳɖi/ | guni /ɡuni/ | pipirnpa /pipiɳpa/ | ngati /ŋati/ | ngamu /ŋamu/ | ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/ | yipi /jipi/ |
| Padre | bäpa /baːpa/ | pumba /pumba/ | mamarnpa /mamaɳpa/ | kirda /kiɖa/ | biiba /biːba/ | ngarpu /ŋaɻpu/ | mama /mama/ |
| Figlia | gäthu /ɡaːt̪u/ | — | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ | ngudhurr /ŋud̪ur/ | kurntal /ˈkuɳʈal/ | yurntalpa /juɳʈalpa/ |
| Io | ŋarra /ŋara/ | ngaya /ŋaja/ | parra /para/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ | ngaju /ŋaɟu/ | ngayu /ŋaju/ |
| Tu | nhe /n̪e/ | ngindu /ŋindu/ | parrangku /paraŋku/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyundu /ɲundu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ | nyuntu /ɲuntu/ |
| Noi | limurr / ŋanapurr /limur / ŋanapur/ | gulanyin / gulanyilla /ɡulaɲin / ɡulaɲila/ | parrawarta /parawaʈa/ | ngalipa / nganimpa /ŋalipa / ŋanimpa/ | nganhdhaan / nganhdhanun /ŋan̪d̪aːn / ŋan̪d̪anun/ | ngalimpa / nganimpa /ŋalimpa / ŋanimpa/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | yäku /jaːku/ | yini /jini/ | lirrka /lirka/ | yirdi /jiɖi/ | gadil /ɡadil/ | yini /jini/ | yini /jini/ |
| Persona | yolŋu /jolŋu/ | wurrunbill /wuɻunbil/ | kirta /kiʈa/ | yapa /japa/ | bama /bama/ | piyirn /ˈpijiɳ/ | martu /maʈu/ |
| Testa | ḻiya /ɭija/ | guddagong /ɡuddaɡoŋ/ | kata /kata/ | jurru /ɟuru/ | ngaabaay /ŋaːbaːj/ | jurlu /ˈɟuɭu/ | kata /kata/ |
| Occhio | mel /mel/ | mil /mil/ | panaya /panaja/ | milpa /milpa/ | miil /miːl/ | mil /mil/ | kuru /kuɻu/ |
| Orecchio | mäkiriʼ /maːkiɻiʔ/ | guri /ɡuɻi/ | kurlka /kuɭka/ | langa /laŋa/ | milga /milɡa/ | pina /ˈpina/ | pina /pina/ |
| Naso | ŋurru /ŋuru/ | nyigity /ɲiɡiɟ/ | mulya /muʎa/ | mulyu /muʎu/ | budhiil /bud̪iːl/ | punul /ˈpunul/ | mulya /muʎa/ |
| Bocca | dhä /d̪aː/ | dhambir /d̪ambiɻ/ | jawa /ɟawa/ | lirra /liɾa/ | barrgaar /barɡaːɻ/ | — | jaa /caː/ |
| Dente | ḻirra /ɭira/ | weera /weːra/ | yirra /jira/ | kartirdi /kaʈiɖi/ | muliir /muliːɻ/ | lirra /lira/ | yirra /jira/ |
| Lingua | matha /mat̪a/ | dalang /dalaŋ/ | nyanyjarla /ɲaɲɟaɭa/ | jalanypa /ɟalaɲpa/ | nganhdhaar /ŋan̪d̪aːɻ/ | jalany /ɟalaɲ/ | jarlinypa /caɭiɲpa/ |
| Mano | goŋ /ɡoŋ/ | mara /maɻa/ | mapirrpa /mapirpa/ | rdaka /ɖaka/ | mangal /maŋal/ | kurrapa /kurapa/ | mara /maɻa/ |
| Piede | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | dyinang /ɟinaŋ/ | jina /ɟina/ | wirliya /wiɭija/ | dhamal /d̪amal/ | jina /ˈɟina/ | jina /cina/ |
| Cuore | ḏoṯurrk /ɖoʈurk/ | gauar /ɡauar/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ | rduku-rduku /ɖukuɖuku/ | dadhali /dad̪ali/ | turlpu /ˈtuɭpu/ | kurturtu /kuʈuʈu/ |
| Osso | ŋaraka /ŋaɻaka/ | wiak /wiak/ | yika /jika/ | larrpa /laɾpa/ | badhibay /bad̪ibaj/ | kiji /kiɟi/ | tarrka /tarka/ |
| Sangue | gulaŋ /ɡulaŋ/ | guruba /ɡuruba/ | miji /miɟi/ | yalyu /jaʎu/ | ganbi /ɡanbi/ | nungu /nuŋu/ | miji /miɟi/ |
| Cacca | guḻaʼ /ɡuɭaʔ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | murla /muɭa/ | kuna /kuna/ | mangga /maŋɡa/ | kura /ˈkuɻa/ | — |
| Amore | djäl /ɟaːl/ | marmit /maɻmit/ | — /—/ | yulkami /julkami/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mukulyu /mukuʎu/ |
| Albero | dharpa /d̪aɻpa/ | warabi /waɻabi/ | mungka /muŋka/ | watiya /watija/ | yugu /juɡu/ | mana /mana/ | warta /waʈa/ |
| Cane | wuŋgan /wuŋɡan/ | mirri /miɻi/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | jarntu /ɟaɳʈu/ | gudaa /ɡudaː/ | kunyarr /kuˈɲar/ | papa /papa/ |
| Gatto | butjikit /bucikit/ | poosi /puːsi/ | pujikatu /puɟikatu/ | mungalpa /muŋalpa/ | buthigan /but̪iɡan/ | miyawu /mijawu/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | guya /ɡuja/ | kuya /kuja/ | kapi /kapi/ | yawu /jawu/ | guudyu /ɡuːɟu/ | kapi /kapi/ | yurta /juʈa/ |
| Farfalla | boṉba /boɳba/ | — | wirripintapinta /wiripintapinta/ | pinta-pinta /pintapinta/ | walbuulbul /walbuːlbul/ | pirrpirntipirnti /pirpiɳʈipiɳʈi/ | — |
| Uovo | mapuʼ /mapuʔ/ | gubbong /ɡubboŋ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ | ngipiri /ŋipiɻi/ | gundil /ɡundil/ | kampiny /kampiɲ/ | ngampu /ŋampu/ |
| Cavallo | yarramanʼ /jaramanʔ/ | — | — | nantuwu /nantuwu/ | yarraman /jaraman/ | timana /ˈtimana/ | yawarta /jawaʈa/ |
| Casa | buṉbu /buɳbu/ | kuni /kuni/ | maya /maja/ | yuwarli /juwaɭi/ | bayan /bajan/ | mayaru /majaɻu/ | ngurra /ŋura/ |
| Latte | ŋamunʼkurr /ŋamunʔkur/ | — | — | lampurnu /lampuɳu/ | guyuu /ɡujuː/ | — | ngama /ŋama/ |
| Miele | guku /ɡuku/ | kawangkal /kawaŋkal/ | — | ngarlu /ŋaɭu/ | mula /mula/ | karlaka /ˈkaɭaka/ | karluwari /kaɭuwaɻi/ |
| Sale | djeʼla /ɟeʔla/ | — | — | jarlti /ɟaɭti/ | — | — | juulu /cuːlu/ |
| Vino | borum wiyikaʼ /boɻum wijikaʔ/ | — | — | pama /pama/ | — | wayin /ˈwajin/ | wama /wama/ |
| Ferro | balaʼ /balaʔ/ | — | — | yayini /jajini/ | — | — | yayinpa /jajinpa/ |
| Ruota | ḻuku /ɭuku/ | — | wiilpa /wiːlpa/ | wirli /wiɭi/ | — | — | taaya /taːja/ |
| Libro | djorraʼ /ɟoraʔ/ | — | — | pipa /pipa/ | — | — | mirlimirli /miɭimiɭi/ |
| Mangiare | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | daring /daɻiŋ/ | nyarrarni /ɲaraɳi/ | ngarni /ŋaɳi/ | budal /budal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | ngalku- /ŋalku/ |
| Bere | ḻuka /ɭuka/ | nyu /ɲu/ | jikila /ɟikila/ | purrami /puɾami/ | dyidyal /ɟiɟal/ | ngarnu /ŋaɳu/ | jikirnu /cikiɳu/ |
| Dormire | ŋorra /ŋora/ | ngambori /ŋamboɻi/ | kunyalajuwa /kuɲalaɟuwa/ | jarda ngunami /ɟaɖa ŋunami/ | waarrnggu /waːrŋɡu/ | manyan /ˈmaɲan/ | kunyalarri- /kuɲalari/ |
| Uno | waŋgany /waŋɡaɲ/ | meddhung /med̪uŋ/ | kumpinyu /kumpiɲu/ | jinta /ɟinta/ | nubuun /nubuːn/ | layi /laji/ | kuju /kucu/ |
| Due | märrmaʼ /maːrmaʔ/ | bula /bula/ | kujarra /kuɟara/ | jirrama /ɟiɾama/ | gudhiirra /ɡud̪iːra/ | kurriny /kuriɲ/ | kujarra /kucara/ |
| Tre | ḻurrkunʼ /ɭurkunʔ/ | bula mittong /bula mitoŋ/ | kujarrakumpinyu /kuɟarakumpiɲu/ | jirrama-kari-jinta /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟinta/ | guunduu /ɡuːnduː/ | mungkartu /muŋkaʈu/ | yurri /juri/ |
| Quattro | ḏämbumiriw /ɖaːmbumiɻiw/ | — | kujarrakujarra /kuɟarakuɟara/ | jirrama-kari-jirrama-kari /ɟiɾamakaɾiɟiɾamakaɾi/ | — | — | puu /puː/ |
| Cinque | goŋ-waŋgany /ɡoŋwaŋɡaɲ/ | — | — | rdaka-pala /ɖakapala/ | gaguwarr /ɡaɡuwar/ | — | payip /pajip/ |
| Ciao | Nhämirri nhe? /n̪aːmiri n̪e/ | yumalundi /jumalundi/ | palya /paʎa/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | miyamala /mijamala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | manymak /maɲmak/ | walunga /waluŋa/ | ngalypa /ŋaʎpa/ | ngurrju /ŋuɾɟu/ | dabaar /dabaːɻ/ | wulyu /wuʎu/ | palya /paʎa/ |
| Nuovo | yuṯa /juʈa/ | — | — | jalangu-warnu /ɟalaŋuwaɳu/ | nhilaa /n̪ilaː/ | jalangjalang /ˈɟalaŋɟalaŋ/ | jalykarra /caʎkara/ |
| Rosso | mikuʼ /mikuʔ/ | dhiram-dhiram /d̪iɾamd̪iɾam/ | martarr /maʈar/ | yalyu-yalyu /jaʎujaʎu/ | diini /diːni/ | ngirljarti /ŋiɭɟaʈi/ | miji-miji /miɟimiɟi/ |
| Bianco | watharr /wat̪ar/ | daguru-gurag /daɡuɾuɡuɾaɡ/ | mirtamirta /miʈamiʈa/ | kardirri /kaɖiɾi/ | dyinggaa /ɟiŋɡaː/ | parpjarti /ˈpaɻpɟaɻti/ | ngintarlpa /ŋintaɭpa/ |
| Nero | gurrŋanʼ /ɡurŋanʔ/ | buru-bura /buɻubuɻa/ | warrukurla /warukuɭa/ | kirdily /kiɖiʎ/ | munhi /mun̪i/ | kurnkurn /kuɳkuɳ/ | — |
| Verde | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ |
| Blu | menydjuṉ /meɲɟuɳ/ | — | — | yukuri-yukuri /jukuɻijukuɻi/ | — | — | maru-maru /maɻumaɻu/ |
| Tè | dhilip /d̪ilip/ | — | — | — | buurr /buːr/ | — | — |
| Caffè | gopi /ɡopi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Zucchero | djokaʼ /ɟokaʔ/ | — | — | juka /ɟuka/ | — | walyarra /ˈwaʎara/ | — |
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