Ao
Ao naga
Sino-tibetana (lingue naga)
L’ao naga (ISO 639-3: njo) è una lingua sinotibetana parlata come prima lingua da circa 260.000 persone, soprattutto nel distretto di Mokokchung, nel Nagaland, nell’India nordorientale. Le varietà principali sono il chungli, forma di prestigio usata nella maggior parte della letteratura e nella comunicazione fra villaggi, e il mongsen; fra le varietà minori rientra il changki. L’ao è tonale e presenta prevalentemente ordine SOV; il mongsen è fortemente agglutinante e perlopiù suffissale, con un’ampia morfologia verbale e tre toni lessicali. Un’ortografia a base latina introdotta dall’attività missionaria ottocentesca è ormai consolidata per il chungli scritto e normalmente non indica i toni. L’ao è usato in famiglia, nelle chiese, nell’istruzione e nelle trasmissioni, e possiede una notevole produzione letteraria a stampa e digitale.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in ao naga
Fonti
- Marrison 1967, The Classification of the Naga Languages of North-East India (Chungli Ao), via lexibank/marrisonnaga; Ao Naga C.L. Bible (Bible Society of India), bible.com versions 1008/3663
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Sino-tibetana (lingue naga)
| Significato | Ao naga | Tshangla | Proto-sino-tibetano | Mizo | Tangkhul naga | Hakha Chin | Adi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | tzü /tsə/ | ri /ɾi/ | *ti(y) /ti(j)/ | tui /tui/ | ze /ze/ | ti /ti/ | ihi /ihi/ |
| Fuoco | mi /mi/ | mi /mi/ | *mey /mey/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | emi /emi/ |
| Sole | anü /anə/ | ngam /ŋam/ | *nəy /nəy/ | ni /ni/ | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | ni /ni/ | donyi /doɲi/ |
| Luna | ita /ita/ | lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ | *s-la /s-la/ | thla /tʰla/ | lai /lai/ | thla /tʰla/ | polo /polo/ |
| Stella | petinü /petinə/ | karma /kaɾma/ | *s-kar /s-kar/ | arsi /arsi/ | sira /siraː/ | arfi /ʔarfi/ | takar /takar/ |
| Notte | aonung /aonuŋ/ | binang /binaŋ/ | *mun /mun/ | zan /zan/ | ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ | zan /zan/ | yoman /jomaŋ/ |
| Pioggia | tzünglu /tsəŋlu/ | ngamsu /ŋamsu/ | *r-wa /r-wa/ | ruah /ruaʔ/ | zingrot /ziŋrot/ | ruah /rua/ | pedong /pedoŋ/ |
| Neve | rürjep /ɹəɹtʃep/ | phom /pʰom/ | *s-pʷal /s-pʷal/ | vur /vur/ | horam /horam/ | hawhra /hawhra/ | tapam /tapam/ |
| Vento | mopung /mopuŋ/ | ridi /ɾidi/ | *qV-lij /qV-lij/ | thli /tʰli/ | masi /masi/ | thli /tʰli/ | asar /asar/ |
| Terra | alima /alima/ | sa /sa/ | *m-l(e/ə)y /m-l(e/ə)j/ | lei /ˈlei̯/ | ngalei /ŋalei/ | vawlei /vawlei/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Pietra | lung /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | *r-luŋ /r-luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ngalung /ŋaluŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | — |
| Montagna | tenem /tenem/ | riwu /ɾiwu/ | *s-gaŋ /s-ɡaŋ/ | tlâng /tlaŋ/ | kaphung /kapʰuŋ/ | tlang /tlaŋ/ | — |
| Mare | tzüyim /tsəjim/ | jamtsho /dʑamtsʰo/ | — | tuipui /tuipui/ | ngayi /ŋaji/ | rili /rili/ | — |
| Madre | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | *ma /ma/ | nu /nu/ | ina /ina/ | nu /nu/ | ane /ane/ |
| Padre | apa /apa/ | apa /apa/ | *pa /pa/ | pa /pa/ | apa /apa/ | pa /pa/ | abu /abu/ |
| Figlia | jala /tʃala/ | zamin /zamin/ | — | fanu /fanu/ | nawngalawu /nawŋalawu/ | fanu /fanu/ | ome /ome/ |
| Io | ni /ni/ | jang /dʑaŋ/ | *ŋa /ŋa/ | kei /kei/ | i /i/ | kei /kei/ | ngo /ŋo/ |
| Tu | na /na/ | nan /nan/ | *naŋ /naŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | na /na/ | nang /naŋ/ | no /no/ |
| Noi | asenok / onok /asenok / onok/ | ai /ai/ | — /—/ | keini /keini/ | ithum /itʰum/ | kanmah /kanmaʔ/ | ngolu /ŋolu/ |
| Nome | tenüng /tenəŋ/ | ming /miŋ/ | *r-miŋ /r-miŋ/ | hming /hmiŋ/ | amin /amin/ | min /min/ | amin /amin/ |
| Persona | nisung /nisuŋ/ | songo /soŋo/ | *r-mi(y)-n /r-mi(j)-n/ | mi /mi/ | — | mi /mi/ | tani /tani/ |
| Testa | tekolak /tekolak/ | sharang /ɕaɾaŋ/ | *m-gaw /m-gaw/ | lu /lu/ | kui /kui/ | lu /lu/ | dumpo /dumpo/ |
| Occhio | tenük /tenək/ | ming /miŋ/ | *s-mik /s-mik/ | mit /mit/ | mi /mi/ | mit /mit/ | amik /amik/ |
| Orecchio | tenarong /tenaɹoŋ/ | na /na/ | *r-na /r̩na/ | beng /beŋ/ | khana /kʰana/ | hna /hna/ | nyarung /ɲaruŋ/ |
| Naso | teni /teni/ | nawung /nawuŋ/ | *s-na /sna/ | hnar /hnar/ | natang /nataŋ/ | hnar /hnar/ | — |
| Bocca | tebang /tebaŋ/ | nowang /nowaŋ/ | *s-muːr /s-muːr/ | kâ /ka/ | khamor /kʰamor/ | kaa /kaː/ | nappa /nappa/ |
| Dente | tepu /tepu/ | sha /ɕa/ | *s-wa /swa/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | yipung /jipuŋ/ |
| Lingua | temeli /temeli/ | le /le/ | *mlja /mlja/ | lei /lei/ | male /male/ | lei /lei/ | ayo /ajo/ |
| Mano | teka /teka/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | *lak /lak/ | kut /kut/ | pang /paŋ/ | kut /kut/ | ali /ali/ |
| Piede | tetsüng /tətsəŋ/ | bi /bi/ | *r-kaŋ /r-kaŋ/ | ke /ke/ | phei /pʰei/ | ke /ke/ | ale /ale/ |
| Cuore | temulungjang /temuluŋtʃaŋ/ | thinglom /tʰiŋlom/ | — /—/ | thinlung /tʰinluŋ/ | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | lung /luŋ/ | gangki /ɡaŋki/ |
| Osso | teret /teɹet/ | khang /kʰaŋ/ | *rus /rus/ | ruh /ruh/ | ara /ara/ | ruh /ruh/ | along /aloŋ/ |
| Sangue | azü /azəʔ/ | yi /ji/ | *s-hwəy-t /shwəjt/ | thisen /tʰiseːn/ | ashi /aʃi/ | thi /tʰî/ | ui /ui/ |
| Cacca | sü /sə/ | khi /kʰi/ | *kləy /kləj/ | êk /ek/ | paai /paːi/ | ek /ʔek/ | — |
| Amore | meim /meim/ | phangpe /pʰaŋpe/ | *m-dza-k /m-dza-k/ | hmangaih /hmaŋai/ | cha /tʃa/ | daw /daw/ | kanom /kanom/ |
| Albero | süngdong /səŋdoŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | *siŋ /siŋ/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | leiyik /leijik/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | esing /esiŋ/ |
| Cane | azü /azə/ | khu /kʰu/ | *d-kʷəy /d-kʷəy/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | eki /eki/ |
| Gatto | tannü /tannə/ | danyi /daɲi/ | — /—/ | zawhte /zɔʔte/ | mibu /mibu/ | minu /minu/ | mero /mero/ |
| Pesce | ango /aŋo/ | nga /ŋa/ | *ŋja /ŋja/ | sangha /saŋha/ | khai /kʰai/ | nga /ŋà/ | ngo /ŋo/ |
| Uccello | ozü /ozə/ | kha /kʰa/ | *bya /bja/ | sava /sava/ | vanao /vanao/ | vate /vaʔteʔ/ | pettang /pettaŋ/ |
| Farfalla | shinü /ʃinə/ | phenphenma /pʰenpʰenma/ | — | phengphehlep /pʰeŋpʰehlep/ | konghang /koŋhaŋ/ | pelep /pelep/ | — |
| Uovo | entsü /entsə/ | gotham /ɡotʰam/ | *ʔu /ʔu/ | artui /artui/ | harra /harra/ | arti /ʔarti/ | — |
| Orso | shirem /ʃiɹem/ | omsha /omɕa/ | *d-wam /d-wam/ | savawm /savɔm/ | singom /siŋom/ | vom /vom/ | situm /situm/ |
| Cavallo | kor /koɹ/ | kurta /kuɾta/ | *s/m-raŋ /s/m-raŋ/ | sakawr /sakɔr/ | sigui /siɡui/ | rang /raŋ/ | — |
| Casa | ki /ki/ | phai /pʰai/ | *k-yim /k-jim/ | in /in/ | shim /ʃim/ | inn /in/ | oekum /oekum/ |
| Latte | mamatzü /mamatsə/ | nu /nu/ | *s-nəw /s-nəw/ | hnute tui /hnute tui/ | seina /seinə/ | hnuk /hnuk/ | anyun /aɲun/ |
| Miele | mojitzü /motʃitsə/ | — | — | khuaizu /kʰuaizu/ | khuira /kʰuira/ | khuaihliti /kʰuaihliti/ | — |
| Sale | metsü /metsə/ | incha /intɕʰa/ | *g-rjum /g-rjum/ | chi /tʃi/ | machi /matʃi/ | ci /tsi/ | alo /alo/ |
| Riso | jang /tʃaŋ/ | — | *b-ras /b-ras/ | buh /buh/ | mawon /mawon/ | facang /fatsaŋ/ | — |
| Ferro | yin /jin/ | per /peɾ/ | *l-tsyak /l-tsjak/ | thîr /tʰiːr/ | mari /mari/ | thir /tʰir/ | — |
| Seta | lota sü /lota sə/ | — | — | maimaw /maimɔ/ | kaprangku /kapraŋku/ | pu /pu/ | — |
| Libro | kaküt /kakət/ | pecha /petɕʰa/ | — | lehkhabu /leʔkʰabu/ | lairik /lairik/ | cauk /tsauk/ | kitab /kitab/ |
| Mangiare | achi /atʃi/ | zale /zale/ | *dzya /dzja/ | ei /ei/ | ngui /ŋui/ | ei /ei/ | dod /dod/ |
| Bere | ayong /ajoŋ/ | jame /dʑame/ | *s(y)awk /s(j)awk/ | in /in/ | rai /rai/ | din /din/ | tunam /tunam/ |
| Dormire | ayip /ajip/ | yip /jip/ | *yip /jip/ | mut /mut/ | pi /pi/ | it /ʔit/ | — |
| Uno | ka /ka/ | thur /tʰuɾ/ | *tik /tik/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | kha /kʰa/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | ako /ako/ |
| Due | ana /ana/ | nyiktsing /ɲiktsiŋ/ | *g-nis /g-nis/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | khani /kʰani/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | anyi /aɲi/ |
| Tre | asem /asem/ | sam /sam/ | *g-sum /ɡsum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | kathum /katʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | aum /aum/ |
| Quattro | pezü /pezə/ | pshi /pɕi/ | *b-ləy /bləj/ | pali /pali/ | mati /məti/ | pali /pali/ | api /api/ |
| Cinque | pungu /puŋu/ | nga /ŋa/ | *l-ŋaʔ /lŋaʔ/ | panga /paŋa/ | phanga /pʰəŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | ango /aŋo/ |
| Cento | noklang /noklaŋ/ | gya /ɡʲa/ | *r-gya /rɡja/ | za /za/ | shakha /ʃakʰə/ | za /za/ | — |
| Ciao | alile /alile/ | kuzuzangpo /kuzuzaŋpo/ | — /—/ | chibai /tʃibai/ | hayau /hajau/ | na dam maw /na dam maw/ | nasi sukna /nasi sukna/ |
| Grazie | ateu /ateu/ | kadrinche /kaɖintɕʰe/ | — /—/ | ka lawm e /ka lɔːm e/ | ase /ase/ | ka lawm /ka lawm/ | nasi /nasi/ |
| Buono | tajung /tatʃuŋ/ | lekpu /lekpu/ | *l(j)ak /l(j)ak/ | ṭha /tɾʰa/ | kahei /kahei/ | ṭha /ʈʰa/ | atom /atom/ |
| Nuovo | tasen /tasen/ | singma /siŋma/ | *g-sar /g-sar/ | thar /tʰar/ | kathar /katʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | — |
| Rosso | temerem /temeɹem/ | tsalo /tsalo/ | *tya-n /tja-n/ | sen /sen/ | kahunga /kahuŋa/ | sen /sen/ | lelen /lelen/ |
| Bianco | temesong /temesoŋ/ | balingmu /baliŋmu/ | *bawk /bawk/ | vâr /var/ | kachar /katʃar/ | raang /raːŋ/ | yalun /jalun/ |
| Nero | tanak /tanak/ | changlu /tɕʰaŋlu/ | *nək /nək/ | dum /dum/ | kachik /katʃik/ | dum /dum/ | yora /jora/ |
| Verde | tajüm /tatʃəm/ | jangkhu /dʑaŋkʰu/ | — | hring /hriŋ/ | khamateka /kʰamateka/ | hring /hriŋ/ | yaying /jajiŋ/ |
| Arancia | jemben /tʃemben/ | — | — | serthlum /sertʰlum/ | komola /komola/ | theithu /tʰeitʰu/ | — |
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