Tangkhul
Tangkhul naga
Sino-tibetana
Il tangkhul naga è una delle più grandi lingue naga, parlata da circa 140.000 persone tangkhul nel distretto di Ukhrul del Manipur, in India, e nelle colline di Somra della regione di Sagaing, in Myanmar. I tangkhul fanno parte del più ampio complesso etnopolitico naga (~3 milioni di naga nell'India nordorientale e in Myanmar), ma sono linguisticamente distinti: il tangkhulico è uno dei gruppi più divergenti all'interno della linguistica naga, separato dalle altre lingue naga e kuki-chin da significative differenze grammaticali e lessicali. Il tangkhul possiede caratteristiche tibeto-birmane classiche (tonalità, SOV, morfologia verbale polipersonale), ma tratti fonologici tangkhulici unici. La London Missionary Society introdusse l'alfabetizzazione latina all'inizio del XX secolo, e il Nuovo Testamento fu tradotto in tangkhul (Pettigrew 1925).
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tangkhul naga
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Sino-tibetana
| Significato | Tangkhul naga | Hakha Chin | Mizo | Meitei | Zeme naga | Tshangla | Cham occidentale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | ze /ze/ | ti /ti/ | tui /tui/ | ꯏꯁꯤꯡ /isiŋ/ | hedui /hedui/ | ri /ɾi/ | ايا /ja/ |
| Fuoco | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | mei /mei/ | ꯃꯩ /mə́i/ | hemi /hemi/ | mi /mi/ | افوي /apuei/ |
| Sole | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | ni /ni/ | ni /ni/ | ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ /numit/ | naimik /naimik/ | ngam /ŋam/ | أديتياء /aditiak/ |
| Luna | lai /lai/ | thla /tʰla/ | thla /tʰla/ | ꯊꯥ /tʰaː/ | hekeu /hekeu/ | lanyingam /laɲiŋam/ | بيلن /bilan/ |
| Stella | sira /siraː/ | arfi /ʔarfi/ | arsi /arsi/ | ꯊꯋꯥꯟꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ /tʰəwanmitʃak/ | hegi /heɡi/ | karma /kaɾma/ | فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ |
| Notte | ngayashong /ŋajaʃoŋ/ | zan /zan/ | zan /zan/ | ꯑꯍꯤꯡ /əhiŋ/ | muizeu /muizeu/ | binang /binaŋ/ | مالم /malam/ |
| Pioggia | zingrot /ziŋrot/ | ruah /rua/ | ruah /ruaʔ/ | ꯅꯣꯡ /noŋ/ | tingrui /tiŋrui/ | ngamsu /ŋamsu/ | — |
| Neve | horam /horam/ | hawhra /hawhra/ | vur /vur/ | ꯎꯟ /un/ | kebun /kebun/ | phom /pʰom/ | — |
| Vento | masi /masi/ | thli /tʰli/ | thli /tʰli/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ /nuŋsit/ | tingkai /tiŋkai/ | ridi /ɾidi/ | أڠين /aŋin/ |
| Terra | ngalei /ŋalei/ | vawlei /vawlei/ | lei /ˈlei̯/ | ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ /ləibak/ | kedei /kedei/ | sa /sa/ | تانه /tanah/ |
| Pietra | ngalung /ŋaluŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | lung /luŋ/ | ꯅꯨꯡ /nuŋ/ | tingchu /tiŋtʃu/ | lung /luŋ/ | فتاو /patau/ |
| Montagna | kaphung /kapʰuŋ/ | tlang /tlaŋ/ | tlâng /tlaŋ/ | ꯆꯤꯡ /tʃíŋ/ | peloa /peloa/ | riwu /ɾiwu/ | — |
| Mare | ngayi /ŋaji/ | rili /rili/ | tuipui /tuipui/ | ꯏꯄꯥꯛ /ipak/ | sungkeling /suŋkeliŋ/ | jamtsho /dʑamtsʰo/ | — |
| Madre | ina /ina/ | nu /nu/ | nu /nu/ | ꯏꯃꯥ /ima/ | mipui /mipui/ | ama /ama/ | ماي /mai/ |
| Padre | apa /apa/ | pa /pa/ | pa /pa/ | ꯏꯄꯥ /ipa/ | mipeu /mipeu/ | apa /apa/ | أمآ /amaː/ |
| Figlia | nawngalawu /nawŋalawu/ | fanu /fanu/ | fanu /fanu/ | ꯏꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ /itʃanupi/ | pena /pena/ | zamin /zamin/ | — |
| Io | i /i/ | kei /kei/ | kei /kei/ | ꯑꯩ /əi/ | i /i/ | jang /dʑaŋ/ | كاو /kɔw/ |
| Tu | na /na/ | nang /naŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | ꯅꯡ /nə́ŋ/ | nang /naŋ/ | nan /nan/ | هاۛ /hɨ/ |
| Noi | ithum /itʰum/ | kanmah /kanmaʔ/ | keini /keini/ | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ /əikʰoi/ | anui /anui/ | ai /ai/ | دري /drej/ |
| Nome | amin /amin/ | min /min/ | hming /hmiŋ/ | ꯃꯤꯡ /miŋ/ | heji /hedʒi/ | ming /miŋ/ | أڠن /aŋan/ |
| Testa | kui /kui/ | lu /lu/ | lu /lu/ | ꯀꯣꯛ /kok/ | mipei /mipei/ | sharang /ɕaɾaŋ/ | — |
| Occhio | mi /mi/ | mit /mit/ | mit /mit/ | ꯃꯤꯠ /mit/ | mik /mik/ | ming /miŋ/ | متا /mata/ |
| Orecchio | khana /kʰana/ | hna /hna/ | beng /beŋ/ | ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡ /nakoŋ/ | mikun /mikun/ | na /na/ | — |
| Naso | natang /nataŋ/ | hnar /hnar/ | hnar /hnar/ | ꯅꯥꯇꯣꯟ /naton/ | mineu /mineu/ | nawung /nawuŋ/ | — |
| Bocca | khamor /kʰamor/ | kaa /kaː/ | kâ /ka/ | ꯆꯤꯟ /tʃin/ | mimui /mimui/ | nowang /nowaŋ/ | — |
| Dente | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ha /ha/ | ꯌꯥ /ja/ | migeu /miɡeu/ | sha /ɕa/ | تڬي /taɡɛj/ |
| Lingua | male /male/ | lei /lei/ | lei /lei/ | ꯂꯩ /ləi/ | milei /milei/ | le /le/ | دله /dalah/ |
| Mano | pang /paŋ/ | kut /kut/ | kut /kut/ | ꯈꯨꯠ /kʰut/ | mipa /mipa/ | gadang /ɡadaŋ/ | تاڠين /taŋin/ |
| Piede | phei /pʰei/ | ke /ke/ | ke /ke/ | ꯈꯣꯡ /kʰoŋ/ | mipidei /mipidei/ | bi /bi/ | تاكاي /takai/ |
| Cuore | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | lung /luŋ/ | thinlung /tʰinluŋ/ | ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯏ /tʰəmmoi/ | milung /miluŋ/ | thinglom /tʰiŋlom/ | هتاي /hatai/ |
| Osso | ara /ara/ | ruh /ruh/ | ruh /ruh/ | ꯁꯔꯨ /sə́ru/ | ra /ra/ | khang /kʰaŋ/ | تلڠ /talaŋ/ |
| Sangue | ashi /aʃi/ | thi /tʰî/ | thisen /tʰiseːn/ | ꯏ /i/ | hejei /hedʒei/ | yi /ji/ | دره /darah/ |
| Cacca | paai /paːi/ | ek /ʔek/ | êk /ek/ | ꯊꯤ /tʰi/ | — | khi /kʰi/ | — |
| Amore | cha /tʃa/ | daw /daw/ | hmangaih /hmaŋai/ | ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯕ /nuŋsiba/ | hung /huŋ/ | phangpe /pʰaŋpe/ | ڬاوه /ɡauh/ |
| Albero | leiyik /leijik/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | thingkung /tʰiŋkuŋ/ | ꯎ /u/ | hingbang /hiŋbaŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | كايو /kajuv/ |
| Cane | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ui /ui/ | ꯍꯨꯏ /hui/ | hetei /hetei/ | khu /kʰu/ | أتحو /atʰuv/ |
| Gatto | mibu /mibu/ | minu /minu/ | zawhte /zɔʔte/ | ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯡ /hə́udoŋ/ | ngngiaune /ŋːiaune/ | danyi /daɲi/ | ميٛو /meuv/ |
| Pesce | khai /kʰai/ | nga /ŋà/ | sangha /saŋha/ | ꯉꯥ /ŋa/ | heka /heka/ | nga /ŋa/ | كان /kan/ |
| Uccello | vanao /vanao/ | vate /vaʔteʔ/ | sava /sava/ | ꯎꯆꯦꯛ /utʃek/ | nruine /nruine/ | kha /kʰa/ | — |
| Farfalla | konghang /koŋhaŋ/ | pelep /pelep/ | phengphehlep /pʰeŋpʰehlep/ | ꯀꯨꯔꯥꯛ /kurak/ | timpiangbe /timpiaŋbe/ | phenphenma /pʰenpʰenma/ | — |
| Uovo | harra /harra/ | arti /ʔarti/ | artui /artui/ | ꯌꯦꯔꯨꯝ /jerum/ | nruibum /nruibum/ | gotham /ɡotʰam/ | بوه /boh/ |
| Orso | singom /siŋom/ | vom /vom/ | savawm /savɔm/ | ꯁꯑꯣꯝ /səom/ | hegum /heɡum/ | omsha /omɕa/ | — |
| Cavallo | sigui /siɡui/ | rang /raŋ/ | sakawr /sakɔr/ | ꯁꯒꯣꯜ /səɡol/ | hekun /hekun/ | kurta /kuɾta/ | — |
| Casa | shim /ʃim/ | inn /in/ | in /in/ | ꯌꯨꯝ /jum/ | heki /heki/ | phai /pʰai/ | تحاڠ /tʰaŋ/ |
| Latte | seina /seinə/ | hnuk /hnuk/ | hnute tui /hnute tui/ | ꯁꯡꯒꯣꯝ /səŋɡom/ | tungdui /tuŋdui/ | nu /nu/ | — |
| Miele | khuira /kʰuira/ | khuaihliti /kʰuaihliti/ | khuaizu /kʰuaizu/ | ꯈꯣꯏꯍꯤ /kʰoihi/ | ngkuidi /ŋkuidi/ | — | — |
| Sale | machi /matʃi/ | ci /tsi/ | chi /tʃi/ | ꯊꯨꯝ /tʰum/ | nehai /nehai/ | incha /intɕʰa/ | — |
| Vino | drakhara /drakʰaːra/ | misur hang /misur haŋ/ | uain /uain/ | — | wain /wain/ | — | — |
| Riso | mawon /mawon/ | facang /fatsaŋ/ | buh /buh/ | ꯆꯦꯡ /tʃeŋ/ | hebi /hebi/ | — | — |
| Ferro | mari /mari/ | thir /tʰir/ | thîr /tʰiːr/ | ꯌꯣꯠ /jot/ | hegei /heɡei/ | per /peɾ/ | — |
| Ruota | kangphei /kaŋpʰei/ | kekual /kekual/ | tawlailîr ke /tɔlailiːr ke/ | ꯀꯥꯡꯈꯣꯡ /kaŋkʰoŋ/ | pigua /piɡua/ | — | — |
| Seta | kaprangku /kapraŋku/ | pu /pu/ | maimaw /maimɔ/ | ꯀꯕ꯭ꯔꯡ /kəbrəŋ/ | — | — | — |
| Libro | lairik /lairik/ | cauk /tsauk/ | lehkhabu /leʔkʰabu/ | ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ /lairik/ | leisi /leisi/ | pecha /petɕʰa/ | — |
| Mangiare | ngui /ŋui/ | ei /ei/ | ei /ei/ | ꯆꯥꯕ /tʃaːba/ | teu /teu/ | zale /zale/ | هواء /huak/ |
| Bere | rai /rai/ | din /din/ | in /in/ | ꯊꯛꯄ /tʰəkpə/ | sak /sak/ | jame /dʑame/ | ماوم /maum/ |
| Dormire | pi /pi/ | it /ʔit/ | mut /mut/ | ꯇꯨꯝꯕ /túmbə/ | zei /zei/ | yip /jip/ | — |
| Uno | kha /kʰa/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | pakhat /pakʰat/ | ꯑꯃ /əmə/ | kat /kat/ | thur /tʰuɾ/ | تحا /tʰa/ |
| Due | khani /kʰani/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | pahnih /pahniʔ/ | ꯑꯅꯤ /əni/ | kena /kena/ | nyiktsing /ɲiktsiŋ/ | ڎوا /ɗuə/ |
| Tre | kathum /katʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | pathum /patʰum/ | ꯑꯍꯨꯝ /əhum/ | kechum /ketʃum/ | sam /sam/ | كلاو /klaw/ |
| Quattro | mati /məti/ | pali /pali/ | pali /pali/ | ꯃꯔꯤ /məri/ | medai /mədai/ | pshi /pɕi/ | — |
| Cinque | phanga /pʰəŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | panga /paŋa/ | ꯃꯉꯥ /məŋaː/ | mengeu /meŋeu/ | nga /ŋa/ | لاماۛ /lamɨː/ |
| Cento | shakha /ʃakʰə/ | za /za/ | za /za/ | ꯆꯥꯃ /tʃamə/ | heiket /heiket/ | gya /ɡʲa/ | — |
| Ciao | hayau /hajau/ | na dam maw /na dam maw/ | chibai /tʃibai/ | ꯈꯨꯔꯨꯝꯖꯔꯤ /kʰurumdʒari/ | hangba /haŋba/ | kuzuzangpo /kuzuzaŋpo/ | سلام /salam/ |
| Grazie | ase /ase/ | ka lawm /ka lawm/ | ka lawm e /ka lɔːm e/ | ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ /tʰaːɡattʃari/ | kazi /kazi/ | kadrinche /kaɖintɕʰe/ | تريما كاسيه /tarima kasiʔ/ |
| Buono | kahei /kahei/ | ṭha /ʈʰa/ | ṭha /tɾʰa/ | ꯑꯐꯕ /əpʰəbə/ | keibe /keibe/ | lekpu /lekpu/ | سيام /siam/ |
| Nuovo | kathar /katʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | thar /tʰar/ | ꯑꯅꯧꯕ /ənəubə/ | karchibe /kartʃibe/ | singma /siŋma/ | باهاو /bahau/ |
| Rosso | kahunga /kahuŋa/ | sen /sen/ | sen /sen/ | ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ /əŋáŋbə/ | kegebe /keɡebe/ | tsalo /tsalo/ | ماۛرياه /mɨriah/ |
| Bianco | kachar /katʃar/ | raang /raːŋ/ | vâr /var/ | ꯑꯉꯧꯕ /əŋəubə/ | kehabe /kehabe/ | balingmu /baliŋmu/ | — |
| Nero | kachik /katʃik/ | dum /dum/ | dum /dum/ | ꯑꯃꯨꯕ /əmubə/ | ketikbe /ketikbe/ | changlu /tɕʰaŋlu/ | — |
| Verde | khamateka /kʰamateka/ | hring /hriŋ/ | hring /hriŋ/ | ꯑꯁꯡꯕ /əsəŋbə/ | kanzaibe /kanzaibe/ | jangkhu /dʑaŋkʰu/ | — |
| Blu | khamaying /kʰamajiŋ/ | — | dumpâwl /dumpɔl/ | ꯍꯤꯒꯣꯛ /híɡok/ | kanzaibe /kanzaibe/ | jenglo /jeŋlo/ | — |
| Zucchero | chini /tʃini/ | cini /tsini/ | chithlum /tʃitʰlum/ | ꯆꯤꯅꯤ /tʃini/ | — | buram | — |
| Arancia | komola /komola/ | theithu /tʰeitʰu/ | serthlum /sertʰlum/ | ꯀꯣꯝꯂꯥ /komla/ | — | — | — |
| 99 | hangchikoda chiko /haŋtʃikoda tʃiko/ | sawmkua le pakua /sɔmkua le pakua/ | sawmkua leh pakua /sɔmkua leʔ pakua/ | ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨꯇꯔꯥꯃꯥꯄꯟ /məripʰutəraːmaːpən/ | riaksekui ze sekui /riaksekui ze sekui/ | — | — |
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