Chimakonde
Makonde
Atlantik-Kongo (Bantu, Yao-Makonde)
Makonde (Chimakonde, auch Shimakonde) ist eine Bantu-Sprache, die die Grenze zwischen Tansania und Mosambik auf dem Makonde-Plateau überspannt. Die Makonde sind weltberühmt für ihre Ebenholzschnitzerei (Mapiko-Masken, Lipico-Ritualobjekte) — UNESCO erkannte die Makonde-Mapiko-Maskeraden 2008 als Immaterielles Kulturerbe an. Die mosambikanischen Makonde führten den bewaffneten FRELIMO-Unabhängigkeitskampf (1964–74), was der Sprache südlich der Grenze starke politische Identität verleiht. Nördliche (tansanische) und südliche (mosambikanische) Varietäten unterscheiden sich deutlich; die Grenze verläuft etwa entlang des Ruvuma.
Wo die Sprache gesprochen wird
Makonde: 87 Kernwörter
Quellen
Wörter im Vergleich
Verglichen mit verwandten Sprachen: Atlantik-Kongo (Bantu, Yao-Makonde)
| Bedeutung | Makonde | Yao | Sukuma | Sangu | Nyamwezi | Tumbuka | Nyaturu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasser | medi /medi/ | meesi /meːsi/ | minzi /minzi/ | amalenga /amalenɡa/ | minzi /minzi/ | maji /madʒi/ | maji /madʒi/ |
| Feuer | moto /moto/ | mooto /moːto/ | moto /moto/ | umooto /umoːto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ |
| Sonne | liduva /liduva/ | lyuŵa /ʎuβa/ | liimi /liːmi/ | ilijuva /ilijuva/ | lyuba /ljuβa/ | zuŵa /zuβa/ | yura /juɾa/ |
| Mond | mwedi /mwedi/ | lwesi /lwesi/ | ng'weji /ŋweːdʒi/ | umwesi /umwesi/ | ngʼwezi /ŋweːzi/ | mwezi /mwezi/ | umweri /umweɾi/ |
| Stern | inondwa /inondwa/ | ndondwa /ndondwa/ | sonda /sonda/ | inondwe /inondwe/ | nsonda /nsonda/ | nyenyezi /ɲeɲezi/ | njota /ndʒota/ |
| Nacht | chilo /tʃilo/ | chilo /tʃilo/ | bujiku /budʒiku/ | paashilo /paːʃilo/ | buziku /buziku/ | usiku /usiku/ | utiku /utiku/ |
| Regen | imbula /imbula/ | ula /ula/ | mbula /mbula/ | inoonya /inoːɲa/ | mbula /mbula/ | vula /ˈvula/ | mbura /mbura/ |
| Wind | lipungo /lipuŋɡo/ | mbungo /mbuŋɡo/ | nyaga /ɲaɡa/ | ilipepo /ilipepo/ | myaga /mjaɡa/ | mphepo /ˈmpʰepo/ | mpefo /mpefo/ |
| Erde | ulongo /uloŋɡo/ | litaka /litaka/ | bulongo /buloŋɡo/ | ililongo /ililoŋɡo/ | bulongo /buloŋɡo/ | dongo /doŋɡo/ | irongo /iɾoŋɡo/ |
| Stein | liyanga /lijaŋɡa/ | liganga /liɡaŋɡa/ | iwe /iwe/ | ilingʼanga /iliŋaŋɡa/ | iwe /iwe/ | libwe /liˈɓwe/ | igwe /iɡwe/ |
| Berg | lichinga /litʃiŋɡa/ | chitumbi /tʃitumbi/ | lugulu /luɡulu/ | ishidunda /iʃidunda/ | lugulu /luɡulu/ | phiri /pʰiɾi/ | gitanto /ɡitanto/ |
| Meer | bahali /bahali/ | bahali /bahali/ | nyanza /ɲanza/ | bahali /bahali/ | nyanza /ɲanza/ | nyanja /ɲandʒa/ | irambo /iɾambo/ |
| Mutter | mama /mama/ | amao /amao/ | mayu /maju/ | umaayi /umaːji/ | mayu /maju/ | amama /amama/ | mama /mama/ |
| Vater | baba /baba/ | atati /atati/ | baba /baba/ | udaada /udaːda/ | baba /baba/ | adada /adada/ | tata /tata/ |
| Tochter | nahaku /nahaku/ | mwali /mwali/ | nshike /nʃike/ | mwali /mwali/ | mwana mukima /mwana mukima/ | mwana msungwana /mwana msuŋɡwana/ | muncha /muntʃa/ |
| Ich | une /une/ | une /une/ | nene /nene/ | one /one/ | nene /ˈnene/ | ine /ine/ | une /une/ |
| Du | uve /uve/ | ugwe /uɡwe/ | bebe /bebe/ | owe /owe/ | gwegwe /ˈɡweɡwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | uwe /uwe/ |
| Wir | hwetu /hwetu/ | uwe /uwe/ | yise /jise/ | ose /ose/ | iswe /iswe/ | ise /ise/ | sese /sese/ |
| Name | lina /lina/ | liina /liːna/ | lina /lina/ | ilitaawa /ilitaːwa/ | lina /ˈlina/ | zina /zina/ | rina /ɾina/ |
| Mensch | munu /munu/ | mundu /mundu/ | munhu /munhu/ | umuunu /umuːnu/ | munhu /munhu/ | munthu /muntʰu/ | muntu /muntu/ |
| Kopf | muti /muti/ | ntwe /ntwe/ | ntwe /ntwe/ | umutwe /umutwe/ | mutwe /mutwe/ | mutu /mutu/ | itwe /itwe/ |
| Auge | liso /liso/ | liso /liso/ | liso /liso/ | iliiho /iliːho/ | liso /liso/ | jiso /dʒiso/ | riho /riho/ |
| Ohr | likutu /likutu/ | liwiwi /liwiwi/ | gutu /ɡutu/ | ilikutu /ilikutu/ | itwi /itwi/ | khutu /kʰutu/ | ikutwi /ikutwi/ |
| Nase | imula /imula/ | lupula /lupula/ | lyulu /ljulu/ | imula /imula/ | nindo /nindo/ | mphuno /mpʰuno/ | mpura /mpuɾa/ |
| Mund | kanya /kaɲa/ | kang'wa /kaŋwa/ | nomo /nomo/ | umulomo /umulomo/ | mulomo /mulomo/ | mlomo /m̩lomo/ | momo /momo/ |
| Zahn | lino /lino/ | liino /liːno/ | lino /lino/ | iliino /iliːno/ | lino /lino/ | jino /dʒino/ | ino /ino/ |
| Zunge | lulimi /lulimi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | ulumili /ulumili/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | lulimi /lulimi/ | urimi /urimi/ |
| Hand | nkono /nkono/ | nkono /nkono/ | nkono /nkono/ | iliwokho /iliwoxo/ | kukono /kukono/ | woko /woko/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ |
| Fuß | likambatu /likambatu/ | lukongolo /lukoŋɡolo/ | lupambala /lupambala/ | iligulu /iliɡulu/ | kugulu /kuɡulu/ | lundi /lundi/ | mughuu /muɣuː/ |
| Herz | ntima /ntima/ | ntima /ntima/ | ng'holo /ŋholo/ | inumbula /inumbula/ | moyo /mojo/ | mtima /m̩tima/ | umutima /umutima/ |
| Knochen | ligwangwa /liɡwaŋɡwa/ | liupa /liupa/ | iguha /iɡuha/ | ilifupa /ilifupa/ | iguha /iɡuha/ | chiwangwa /tʃiwaŋɡwa/ | ikufa /ikufa/ |
| Blut | myadi /mjadi/ | miasi /miasi/ | mininga /miniŋɡa/ | idanda /idanda/ | magazi /maɡazi/ | ndopa /ndopa/ | sakami /sakami/ |
| Kacke | mavi /mavi/ | manyi /maɲi/ | maashi /maːʃi/ | mafi /mafi/ | maafi /maːfi/ | mavi /mavi/ | — |
| Liebe | kupenda /kupenda/ | unonyelo /unoɲelo/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | ulugano /uluɡano/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ | kutemwa /kutemwa/ | butogwa /butoɡwa/ |
| Baum | nnandi /nːandi/ | chitela /tʃitela/ | nti /nti/ | umupishi /umupiʃi/ | muti /muti/ | khuni /kʰuni/ | umuti /umuti/ |
| Hund | nshenye /nʃeɲe/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | mva /mva/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | ncheŵe /ntʃeβe/ | imbwa /imbwa/ |
| Katze | imaaka /imaːka/ | paka /paka/ | nyabu /ɲabu/ | paka /paka/ | paka /paka/ | chona /tʃona/ | paka /paka/ |
| Fisch | homba /homba/ | somba /somba/ | ndilo /ndilo/ | inswi /inswi/ | somba /soːmba/ | somba /somba/ | somba /somba/ |
| Vogel | chuni /tʃuni/ | chijuni /tʃidʒuni/ | noni /noni/ | indege /indeɡe/ | noni /noni/ | chiyuni /tʃijuni/ | nyonyi /ɲoɲi/ |
| Schmetterling | lipuluputu /lipuluputu/ | chipuluputwa /tʃipuluputwa/ | ibalabapu /ibalabapu/ | — | — | bulawura /bulawuɾa/ | — |
| Ei | liye /lije/ | lindanda /lindanda/ | igi /iɡi/ | ilikhankha /ilixanxa/ | igi /iɡi/ | sumbi /sumbi/ | ighe /iɣe/ |
| Bär | dubu /dubu/ | dubu /dubu/ | nduba /nduba/ | dubu /dubu/ | — | — | — |
| Pferd | falasi /falasi/ | falasi /falasi/ | falasa /falasa/ | ifalaasi /ifalaːsi/ | falasi /falasi/ | hachi /hatʃi/ | nyumbu /ɲumbu/ |
| Haus | ing'ande /iŋande/ | nyuumba /ɲuːmba/ | numba /numba/ | ilitembe /ilitembe/ | numba /numba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ |
| Milch | mavele /mavele/ | maŵele /maβele/ | mabeele /mabeːle/ | utupyo /utupjo/ | mabeele /maβeːle/ | mkaka /m̩kaka/ | maya /maja/ |
| Honig | uchi /utʃi/ | uchi /utʃi/ | buuki /buːki/ | uwuushi /uwuːʃi/ | buuki /buːki/ | uchi /utʃi/ | ruke /ruke/ |
| Salz | munyu /muɲu/ | njete /ndʒete/ | munhu /munhu/ | umuunyo /umuːɲo/ | munu /munu/ | mchere /m̩tʃere/ | munyu /muɲu/ |
| Wein | divayi /divaji/ | divai /divai/ | mvinya /mviɲa/ | idivaayi /idivaːji/ | mvinyo /mviɲo/ | vinyo /viɲo/ | divai /divai/ |
| Reis | nnyele /nɲele/ | mpunga /mpuŋɡa/ | — | — | — | mpunga /mpuŋɡa/ | — |
| Eisen | chitale /tʃitale/ | chisyano /tʃisjano/ | jisinza /dʒisinza/ | ishuuma /iʃuːma/ | kisinza /kisinza/ | chisulo /tʃiˈsulo/ | ichuma /itʃuma/ |
| Seide | halili /halili/ | halili /halili/ | halili /halili/ | haliili /haliːli/ | — | siliki /siliki/ | hariri /haɾiɾi/ |
| Buch | chitabu /tʃitabu/ | chitabu /tʃitabu/ | shitabo /ʃitabo/ | ilitaafili /ilitaːfili/ | kitabu /kitabu/ | buku /buku/ | gitabu /ɡitabu/ |
| Essen | kulya /kuʎa/ | kulya /kuʎa/ | kulya /kuʎa/ | kiilya /kiːlja/ | kulya /kuʎa/ | kurya /kuɾja/ | kuria /kuɾia/ |
| Trinken | kukumbila /kukumbila/ | kung'wa /kuŋwa/ | kung'wa /kuŋwa/ | kiingʼwa /kiːŋwa/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ | kunywa /kuɲwa/ |
| Schlafen | kugona /kuɡona/ | kugona /kuɡona/ | kulala /kulala/ | kigona /kiɡona/ | kulala /kulala/ | kugona /kuˈɡona/ | kurara /kuɾaɾa/ |
| Eins | nimo /nimo/ | mo /mo/ | imo /imo/ | imo /imo/ | imo /imo/ | chimoza /tʃimoza/ | umwe /umwe/ |
| Zwei | vavili /vaʋili/ | iŵili /iβili/ | ibili /ibili/ | sivili /sivili/ | ibili /iβili/ | viŵiri /viβiɾi/ | aviri /aβiri/ |
| Drei | nnaatu /nːaːtu/ | sitatu /sitatu/ | idatu /idatʊ/ | sitatu /sitatu/ | idatu /idatu/ | vitatu /vitatu/ | itatu /itatu/ |
| Vier | ncheche /ntʃetʃe/ | ncheche /ntʃetʃe/ | ine /ine/ | sina /sina/ | inne /inːe/ | vinayi /vinaji/ | inne /inːe/ |
| Fünf | mwaanu /mwaːnu/ | nsano /nsano/ | itano /itano/ | sisaanu /sisaːnu/ | itaano /itaːno/ | vinkhonde /viŋkʰonde/ | itano /itano/ |
| Hundert | miya /miːja/ | mia /mia/ | igana /iɡana/ | ligana /liɡana/ | igana /iɡana/ | zana /zana/ | ighana /iɣana/ |
| Hallo | nakushukuru /nakuʃukuɾu/ | salama /salama/ | mwangaluka /mwaŋɡaluka/ | mbasala /mbasala/ | mwadita /mwadita/ | monire /moniɾe/ | mbukire /mbukiɾe/ |
| Danke | nashukuru /naʃukuɾu/ | — /—/ | nakulumba /nakulumba/ | nashukulu /naʃukulu/ | twabakaba /twaβakaβa/ | yewo /jewo/ | asante /aˈsante/ |
| Gut | mbone /mbone/ | chambone /tʃambone/ | awiza /awiza/ | inofu /inofu/ | soga /soɡa/ | chiweme /tʃiweme/ | kihi /kihi/ |
| Neu | chahambi /tʃahambi/ | jasambano /dʒasambano/ | pya /pja/ | ishipya /iʃipja/ | pya /pja/ | chiphya /tʃipʰja/ | mpya /mpja/ |
| Rot | nahuvi /nahuvi/ | chechejeu /tʃetʃedʒeu/ | ndulu /ndulu/ | induuhu /induːhu/ | laluku /laluku/ | swesi /swesi/ | ntune /ntune/ |
| Weiß | naswe /naswe/ | cheswela /tʃeswela/ | ape /ape/ | imbalafu /imbalafu/ | pe /pe/ | tuŵa /tuβa/ | njeru /ndʒeru/ |
| Schwarz | napi /napi/ | chepiliu /tʃepiliu/ | api /api/ | niitu /niːtu/ | pi /pi/ | fipa /fipa/ | njiutiki /ndʒiutiki/ |
| 99 | tisini na tisa /tisini na tisa/ | makumi msano ni mcece kwisa msano ni mcece /makumi msano ni mtʃetʃe kwisa msano ni mtʃetʃe/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makʊmi kenda na kenda/ | mashumi gonja ni gonja /maʃumi ɡonja ni ɡonja/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ | makhumi ghankhonde na ghanayi na vinkhonde na vinayi /makʰumi ɣaŋkʰonde na ɣanaji na viŋkʰonde na vinaji/ | makumi kenda na kenda /makumi kenda na kenda/ |
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