Poqomchi'
Pocomchí
Maya
Il pocomchi' (anche poqomchi') è una lingua maya del ramo quicheano-mameano, parlata da circa 50.000 pocomchi nelle Verapaces (dipartimenti di Alta Verapaz e Baja Verapaz), nel Guatemala centrale. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il pocomchi condivide tratti tipologici maya (allineamento ergativo-assolutivo, morfologia verbale polipersonale complessa, consonanti glottalizzate, consonanti uvulari) con le sue lingue sorelle, tra cui il pocomam, l'achi (acr) e il più diffuso k'iche' (quc). La comunità pocomchi ha mantenuto la lingua nonostante il predominio dello spagnolo, grazie alla grammatica pocomchi di Brown del 1979 e alla rivitalizzazione moderna attraverso l'Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in pocomchí
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Maya
| Significato | Pocomchí | Uspanteko | Kʼicheʼ | Kaqchikel | Qʼeqchiʼ | Proto-maya | Ixil |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ |
| Fuoco | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Sole | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ |
| Luna | poh /poh/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | po /po/ | *uːh /uːh/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ |
| Stella | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chahim /tʃahim/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ |
| Notte | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ |
| Pioggia | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | habʼ /haɓ/ | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ |
| Neve | miik /miːk/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | xchuʼi keh /ʃtʃuʔi keh/ | — | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ |
| Vento | teew /teːw/ | tew /tew/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ |
| Terra | akʼal /akʼal/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | ulew /uleːw/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ |
| Pietra | abʼaj /aɓax/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | pek /pek/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ |
| Montagna | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ | *witz /wits/ | vitz /vits/ |
| Mare | palaw /palaw/ | mar /mar/ | plo /plo/ | palow /palow/ | palaw /palaw/ | — | mar /mar/ |
| Madre | tuut /tuːt/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Padre | ajaaw /axaːw/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ | *taat /taat/ | baʼ /baʔ/ |
| Figlia | ixqʼuun /iʃqʼuːn/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | — | meʼal /meʔal/ |
| Io | hin /hin/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ | *in /in/ | in /in/ |
| Tu | hat /hat/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ | axh /aʃ/ |
| Noi | hoj /hox/ | oj /ox/ | uj /ux/ | röj /rʊx/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ | — /—/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Nome | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ |
| Persona | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winaq /winaq/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | poyanam /pojanam/ | *winaq /winaq/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ |
| Testa | nahis /nahis/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /χolom/ | — | viʼ /viʔ/ |
| Occhio | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | xnaqʼ u /ʃnaqʼ u/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ | vusal /vusal/ |
| Orecchio | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xik /ʃik/ | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Naso | juʼ /xuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ |
| Bocca | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | e /e/ | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ |
| Dente | ehis /ehis/ | e /e/ | ware /waɾe/ | ey /ej/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | eh /eh/ |
| Lingua | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mano | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | uqʼm /uqʼm/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ |
| Piede | ooq /oːq/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | oq /oq/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | oj /oχ/ |
| Cuore | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ | — /—/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ |
| Osso | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Cacca | saaʼ /saːʔ/ | — | achaq /atʃaq/ | — | kʼot /kʼot/ | *ta7 /taʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Amore | rahaal /rahaːl/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | rahok /rahok/ | — /—/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Albero | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ | tze /tse/ |
| Cane | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ |
| Gatto | mees /meːs/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ | mes /mes/ | — /—/ | mees /meːs/ |
| Pesce | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | *kar /kar/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Uccello | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Farfalla | pehpem /pehpem/ | — | pepe /pepe/ | palamax /palamaʃ/ | peepem /peːpem/ | *pehpen /pehpen/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ |
| Uovo | miloj /milox/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | mol /mol/ | — | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ |
| Orso | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oos /oːs/ | — | oso /oso/ |
| Cavallo | kawaay /kawaːj/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kej /kex/ | kej /kex/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ | — | kaay /kaːj/ |
| Casa | paat /paːt/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | jay /xaj/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ | *nah /nah/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ |
| Latte | chʼuuchʼ /tʃʼuːtʃʼ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | leech /leːtʃ/ | — | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ |
| Miele | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Sale | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Vino | vino /ˈbino/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Riso | aroos /aroːs/ | — | arroz /aros/ | arroz /aˈros/ | aros /aros/ | — | arus /arus/ |
| Cioccolato | chikolaat /tʃikolaːt/ | — | chocolate | chocolate | chokolaat | — | — |
| Ferro | chʼihchʼ /tʃʼihtʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | — | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ |
| Ruota | kotokaq /kotokaq/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ | — | — |
| Libro | huuj /huːx/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | wuj /wux/ | hu /hu/ | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Mangiare | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waʼak /waʔak/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ |
| Bere | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | kumun /kumun/ | ukʼak /ukʼak/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ucha /utʃa/ |
| Dormire | wirik /wirik/ | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | war /war/ | wark /wark/ | *war /war/ | wat /wat/ |
| Uno | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /χun/ | *jun /jun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Due | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ |
| Tre | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ |
| Quattro | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kaahibʼ /kaːhiɓ/ | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ |
| Cinque | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | oobʼ /oːɓ/ | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ |
| Cento | hoʼkʼahl /hoʔkʼahl/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ | — | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ |
| Ciao | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ | — /—/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Grazie | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ | — /—/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ |
| Buono | holohik /holohik/ | tzi /tsi/ | utz /uts/ | ütz /ʊts/ | us /us/ | *utz /utz/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ |
| Nuovo | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Rosso | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | käq /kəq/ | kaq /kaq/ | *kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Bianco | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | *saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ |
| Nero | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ |
| Blu | rax /raʃ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | — | — |
| Caffè | kapeh /kapeh/ | — | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | — | — |
| Zucchero | asuukar /asuːkar/ | — | asukal /asukal/ | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | asuukr /asuːkɾ/ | — | asukaal /asukaːl/ |
| Arancia | araan /araːn/ | — | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | alanx /alanʃ/ | chiin /tʃiːn/ | — | — |
| 99 | belejlaj roʼkʼahl /belexlax roʔkʼahl/ | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — | — | — | bʼelelaval toʼkʼal /ɓelelaʋal toʔkʼal/ |
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