Tz'unun K'iche'
Uspanteko
Maya
L'uspanteco (autònimo Tz'unun K'iche', «la lingua di Uspantán») è una lingua maya del ramo k'icheano parlata negli altipiani dei Cuchumatanes, in Guatemala, da circa 5.000 persone, principalmente nel comune di Uspantán, nel dipartimento di El Quiché. L'uspanteco è notevole nella tipologia linguistica in quanto una delle poche lingue maya dotate di tono, e in particolare per il suo tono grammaticale: la maggior parte delle lingue maya ha perduto le opposizioni tonali originarie del proto-maya, ma l'uspanteco ha innovato sviluppando un nuovo sistema tonale impiegato a fini grammaticali (nello specifico, per marcare l'aspetto perfettivo su determinati verbi). Dal punto di vista linguistico, l'uspanteco fa parte del ramo k'icheano insieme al k'iche' (quc), al tz'utujil (tzj), al kaqchikel (cak) e al sakapulteko (skp), pur presentando tratti fonologici e lessicali propri. La comunità uspanteca è sopravvissuta al genocidio della guerra civile guatemalteca degli anni Ottanta e ha conservato la propria lingua grazie all'isolamento comunitario nelle valli montane dei Cuchumatanes.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in uspanteko
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Maya
| Significato | Uspanteko | Kʼicheʼ | Kaqchikel | Pocomchí | Proto-maya | Qʼeqchiʼ | Aguacateco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | *haʔ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ |
| Fuoco | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | *qʼaaqʼ /qʼaaqʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ |
| Sole | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | *qʼiinh /qʼiinh/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ |
| Luna | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | poh /poh/ | *uːh /uːh/ | po /po/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ |
| Stella | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | *eʼq /eʼq/ | chahim /tʃahim/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ |
| Notte | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | *aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ |
| Pioggia | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | *nhabʼ /ŋaɓ/ | habʼ /haɓ/ | abʼal /aɓal/ |
| Neve | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | miik /miːk/ | — | xchuʼi keh /ʃtʃuʔi keh/ | — |
| Vento | tew /tew/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | teew /teːw/ | *ʔiʔqʼ /ʔiʔqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ |
| Terra | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | ulew /uleːw/ | akʼal /akʼal/ | *chʼohchʼ /tʃʼohtʃʼ/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ |
| Pietra | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | *ʔaʔbʼaj /ʔaʔbʼaj/ | pek /pek/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ |
| Montagna | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | *witz /wits/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ | witz /wits/ |
| Mare | mar /mar/ | plo /plo/ | palow /palow/ | palaw /palaw/ | — | palaw /palaw/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ |
| Madre | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | tuut /tuːt/ | *naʔ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naa /naː/ |
| Padre | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | ajaaw /axaːw/ | *taat /taat/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ | mam /mam/ |
| Figlia | rabʼin /raɓin/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | ixqʼuun /iʃqʼuːn/ | — | rabʼin /raɓin/ | meʼal /meʔal/ |
| Io | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | hin /hin/ | *in /in/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ | in /in/ |
| Tu | at /at/ | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | hat /hat/ | *ʔat /ʔat/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Noi | oj /ox/ | uj /ux/ | röj /rʊx/ | hoj /hox/ | — /—/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Nome | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | *bʼih /bʼih/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ |
| Persona | kristyan /kristjan/ | winaq /winaq/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | *winaq /winaq/ | poyanam /pojanam/ | wunaq /wunaq/ |
| Testa | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | nahis /nahis/ | — | jolom /χolom/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ |
| Occhio | wach /watʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | *Haty /hatʲ/ | xnaqʼ u /ʃnaqʼ u/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ |
| Orecchio | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | *xikin /ʃikin/ | xik /ʃik/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ |
| Naso | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | juʼ /xuʔ/ | *nhiiʔ /ŋiːʔ/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ |
| Bocca | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | *tyiiʔ /tʲiːʔ/ | e /e/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ |
| Dente | e /e/ | ware /waɾe/ | ey /ej/ | ehis /ehis/ | *ʔeeh /ʔeːh/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ | eʼ /eʔ/ |
| Lingua | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | *aaqʼ /aːqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mano | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | *qʼabʼ /qʼabʼ/ | uqʼm /uqʼm/ | qʼab /qʼab/ |
| Piede | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | ooq /oːq/ | *ʔooq /ʔoːq/ | oq /oq/ | aqan /aqan/ |
| Cuore | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | — /—/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ |
| Osso | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | *bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | *kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ |
| Amore | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ | — /—/ | rahok /rahok/ | xajan /ʃahan/ |
| Albero | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | *teʔ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ |
| Cane | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | *tzʼiʔ /tzʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ |
| Gatto | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ | mees /meːs/ | — /—/ | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ |
| Pesce | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | *kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Uccello | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | *tzʼikin /tzʼikin/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ |
| Uovo | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | miloj /milox/ | — | mol /mol/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ |
| Cavallo | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kej /kex/ | kej /kex/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ | — | kawaay /kawaːj/ | chej /tʃeh/ |
| Casa | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | jay /xaj/ | paat /paːt/ | *nah /nah/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ | nya /ɲa/ |
| Latte | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | chʼuuchʼ /tʃʼuːtʃʼ/ | — | leech /leːtʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ |
| Miele | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | *kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Sale | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | *ʔaʔtzʼaam /ʔaʔtsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ |
| Vino | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ | win /win/ |
| Ferro | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼihchʼ /tʃʼihtʃʼ/ | — | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ |
| Libro | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | wuj /wux/ | huuj /huːx/ | *huʔnh /huʔŋ/ | hu /hu/ | liwr /liwr/ |
| Mangiare | waʼ /waʔ/ | tijow /tixow/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | *waʔ /waʔ/ | waʼak /waʔak/ | wii /wiː/ |
| Bere | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | kumun /kumun/ | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | *ʔukʼ /ʔukʼ/ | ukʼak /ukʼak/ | uuk /uːk/ |
| Dormire | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | war /war/ | wirik /wirik/ | *war /war/ | wark /wark/ | watl /waːtl/ |
| Uno | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jinaj /xinax/ | *jun /jun/ | jun /χun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Due | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | *kaʼ /kaʼ/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ |
| Tre | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | *ʼoxibʼ /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ |
| Quattro | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | *kaŋibʼ /kaŋiɓ/ | kaahibʼ /kaːhiɓ/ | kyaj /kjah/ |
| Cinque | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | *hoʔ /hoʔ/ | oobʼ /oːɓ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Cento | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | hoʼkʼahl /hoʔkʼahl/ | — | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ |
| Ciao | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | — /—/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ |
| Grazie | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | — /—/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ |
| Buono | tzi /tsi/ | utz /uts/ | ütz /ʊts/ | holohik /holohik/ | *utz /utz/ | us /us/ | balaj /balah/ |
| Nuovo | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | *ʔa(a)kʼ /ʔakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ |
| Rosso | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | käq /kəq/ | kaq /kaq/ | *kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ |
| Bianco | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | *saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Nero | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | *ʔejqʼ /ʔejqʼ/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | *raʔx /raʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ |
| Blu | xaar /ʃaːr/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | — | rax /raʃ/ | xew /ʃew/ |
| 99 | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — | belejlaj roʼkʼahl /belexlax roʔkʼahl/ | — | — | jun mutxʼ tu belujlaj /hun muʈʂʼ tu beluhlah/ |
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