Kaqchikel
maya (quiché, cakchiquel)
Il kaqchikel (ISO 639-3: cak) è una lingua maya parlata soprattutto negli altopiani centrali del Guatemala, in particolare a Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Sololá e nei dipartimenti vicini. Nel ramo k’iche’ è particolarmente vicino al tz’utujil e più lontano dal k’iche’, mentre al suo interno presenta notevole variazione dialettale. La grammatica ha allineamento ergativo–assolutivo, ricca morfologia verbale e un ordine di base a verbo iniziale piuttosto flessibile; le consonanti comprendono occlusive e affricate glottalizzate. L’ortografia latina standard promossa dall’Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala usa segni simili all’apostrofo per la glottalizzazione. La legge guatemalteca sulle lingue nazionali del 2003 riconosce il kaqchikel fra le lingue nazionali maya e ne sostiene l’uso pubblico. La cronaca coloniale comunemente chiamata Annals of the Kaqchikels è un importante testo storico, mentre istruzione bilingue, editoria, musica e programmi comunitari sostengono oggi la trasmissione nonostante la persistente pressione dello spagnolo.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in kaqchikel
chocolate
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: maya (quiché, cakchiquel)
| Significato | Kaqchikel | Kʼicheʼ | Uspanteko | Pocomchí | Ixil | Mam | Qʼeqchiʼ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fuoco | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | xam /ʃam/ |
| Sole | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼiij /qʼiːx/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | saqʼe /saqʼe/ |
| Luna | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | poh /poh/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | po /po/ |
| Stella | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumiil /tʃʼumiːl/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chahim /tʃahim/ |
| Notte | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | qʼojyin /qʼoχjin/ |
| Pioggia | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | habʼ /haɓ/ |
| Neve | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | miik /miːk/ | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | xchuʼi keh /ʃtʃuʔi keh/ |
| Vento | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | teew /teːw/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ |
| Terra | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /ulew/ | ulew /uleːw/ | akʼal /akʼal/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | chʼochʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ |
| Pietra | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | pek /pek/ |
| Montagna | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | witz /wits/ | yuuqʼ /juːqʼ/ | vitz /vits/ | wutz /wuts/ | tzuul /tsuːl/ |
| Mare | palow /palow/ | plo /plo/ | mar /mar/ | palaw /palaw/ | mar /mar/ | plow /plow/ | palaw /palaw/ |
| Madre | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | tuut /tuːt/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Padre | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | ajaaw /axaːw/ | baʼ /baʔ/ | mam /mam/ | yuwaʼ /juwaʔ/ |
| Figlia | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | ixqʼuun /iʃqʼuːn/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ |
| Io | rïn /rɪn/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | hin /hin/ | in /in/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | laaʼin /laːʔin/ |
| Tu | rat /rat/ | at /at/ | at /at/ | hat /hat/ | axh /aʃ/ | aya /aˈja/ | laaʼat /laːʔat/ |
| Noi | röj /rʊx/ | uj /ux/ | oj /ox/ | hoj /hox/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | laaʼo /laːʔo/ |
| Nome | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼihnaal /ɓihnaːl/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | kʼabʼaʼej /kʼaɓaʔeχ/ |
| Persona | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | winaq /winaq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | kʼachareel /kʼatʃareːl/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | poyanam /pojanam/ |
| Testa | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | nahis /nahis/ | viʼ /viʔ/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | jolom /χolom/ |
| Occhio | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | wach /watʃ/ | naqʼwachis /naqʼwatʃis/ | vusal /vusal/ | witz /wits/ | xnaqʼ u /ʃnaqʼ u/ |
| Orecchio | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xik /ʃik/ |
| Naso | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /xuʔ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Bocca | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼhis /tʃiʔhis/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | e /e/ |
| Dente | ey /ej/ | ware /waɾe/ | e /e/ | ehis /ehis/ | eh /eh/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ruuch e /ruːtʃ e/ |
| Lingua | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mano | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | uqʼm /uqʼm/ |
| Piede | aqän /aqən/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | ooq /oːq/ | oj /oχ/ | qan /qan/ | oq /oq/ |
| Cuore | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuxliis /kʼuʃliːs/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ | anma /anma/ | chʼoolej /tʃʼoːlej/ |
| Osso | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ |
| Amore | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | rahaal /rahaːl/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | rahok /rahok/ |
| Albero | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheeʼ /tʃeːʔ/ | tze /tse/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Cane | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ |
| Gatto | mes /mes/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mis /mis/ | mees /meːs/ | mees /meːs/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | mes /mes/ |
| Pesce | kar /kar/ | kar /kaɾ/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | kar /kar/ |
| Uccello | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ |
| Farfalla | palamax /palamaʃ/ | pepe /pepe/ | — | pehpem /pehpem/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | peepem /peːpem/ |
| Uovo | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | miloj /milox/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | jos /xos/ | mol /mol/ |
| Orso | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oos /oːs/ |
| Cavallo | kej /kex/ | kej /kex/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ | kaay /kaːj/ | chej /tʃex/ | kawaay /kawaːj/ |
| Casa | jay /xaj/ | ja /xa/ | jaa /haː/ | paat /paːt/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ | jaa /haː/ | ochoch /otʃotʃ/ |
| Latte | leche /ˈletʃe/ | leche /letʃe/ | lech /letʃ/ | chʼuuchʼ /tʃʼuːtʃʼ/ | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ | taʼl imaj /taʔl imax/ | leech /leːtʃ/ |
| Miele | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kaabʼ /kaːɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | xyaʼal kabʼ /ʃjaʔal kaɓ/ |
| Sale | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼaam /atsʼaːm/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Vino | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | bʼiin /ɓiːn/ |
| Riso | arroz /aˈros/ | arroz /aros/ | — | aroos /aroːs/ | arus /arus/ | arros /aros/ | aros /aros/ |
| Cioccolato | chocolate | chocolate | — | chikolaat /tʃikolaːt/ | — | chocolate | chokolaat |
| Ferro | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼihchʼ /tʃʼihtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kxbʼil /kʃɓil/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Ruota | rueda /rweda/ | — | — | kotokaq /kotokaq/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ |
| Seta | seda /ˈseda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — | — | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ |
| Libro | wuj /wux/ | wuj /wux/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | huuj /huːx/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | hu /hu/ |
| Mangiare | waʼin /waʔin/ | tijow /tixow/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | wiʼk /wiʔk/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ | waan /waːn/ | waʼak /waʔak/ |
| Bere | kumun /kumun/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uukʼ /uːkʼ/ | ucha /utʃa/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ukʼak /ukʼak/ |
| Dormire | war /war/ | war /waɾ/ | war /war/ | wirik /wirik/ | wat /wat/ | ktan /ktan/ | wark /wark/ |
| Uno | jun /xun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jinaj /xinax/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /χun/ |
| Due | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kiʼibʼ /kiʔiɓ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | wiibʼ /wiːɓ/ |
| Tre | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | ixibʼ /iʃiɓ/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ |
| Quattro | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kijibʼ /kixiɓ/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kaahibʼ /kaːhiɓ/ |
| Cinque | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | hoʼoobʼ /hoʔoːɓ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | oobʼ /oːɓ/ |
| Cento | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | hoʼkʼahl /hoʔkʼahl/ | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | oʼkʼaal /oʔkʼaːl/ |
| Ciao | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | ma chaa /ma tʃaː/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | ma saʼ laachʼool /ma saʔ laːtʃʼoːl/ |
| Grazie | matyox /matjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tioxlaab /tjoʃlaːb/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | bantyox /bantjoʃ/ |
| Buono | ütz /ʊts/ | utz /uts/ | tzi /tsi/ | holohik /holohik/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ | banix /baniʃ/ | us /us/ |
| Nuovo | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Rosso | käq /kəq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Bianco | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Nero | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | räx /rəʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ |
| Blu | räx /rəʃ/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | rax /raʃ/ | — | — | rax /raʃ/ |
| Computer | computadora /komputaˈdora/ | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | — | — | computadora /komputadora/ | ululchʼiichʼ /ulultʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Tè | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | — | — | té /te/ | te /te/ |
| Caffè | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ | — | kapeh /kapeh/ | — | kape /kape/ | kape /kape/ |
| Zucchero | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | asukal /asukal/ | — | asuukar /asuːkar/ | asukaal /asukaːl/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | asuukr /asuːkɾ/ |
| Arancia | alanx /alanʃ/ | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | — | araan /araːn/ | — | lanch /lantʃ/ | chiin /tʃiːn/ |
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