Lakty'añ
Chol
Maya
Il chol (ch'ol, con autonimo lakty'añ) è una lingua maya cholana del Chiapas, in Messico. Il popolo chol abita le valli montane a nord di Palenque, vicino al celebre sito archeologico maya del periodo classico. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il chol è una lingua maya del ramo cholano, più strettamente imparentata con l'estinta lingua letteraria maya classica incisa a Palenque, Yaxchilán e Tikal durante il Periodo Classico (250-900 d.C.). I parlanti chol moderni hanno dunque un legame speciale con la tradizione geroglifica maya classica. La comunità chol ha mantenuto la lingua nonostante il predominio dello spagnolo, con un'istruzione bilingue tramite l'INALI a partire dagli anni '90 del Novecento.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in chol
chocolate
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Maya
| Significato | Chol | Tzeltal | Chontal di Tabasco | Maya classico | Tojolabal | Tzotzil | Maya itzá |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fuoco | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Sole | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Luna | uw /uw/ | u /u/ | ä /æ/ | uh /uh/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | u /ʔu/ | uj /uh/ |
| Stella | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ |
| Notte | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | akʼubal /akʼubal/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ |
| Pioggia | jaʼal /haʔal/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | — | haʼal /haʔal/ | — | voʼ /voʔ/ | — |
| Vento | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Terra | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Pietra | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | ton /ton/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | tuun /tuːn/ | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ |
| Montagna | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | witz /wits/ | wits /wits/ | vits /vits/ | — |
| Mare | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | mar /mar/ | nab /nab/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | nab /naɓ/ | — |
| Madre | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Padre | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ |
| Figlia | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | — | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | tzeb /tseɓ/ | — |
| Io | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | hiin /hiːn/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | ten /ten/ |
| Tu | jatyet /hatʲet/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | hat /hat/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | tech /tetʃ/ |
| Noi | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | — /—/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | voʼotik / voʼonkutik /voʔotik / voʔonkutik/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Nome | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ |
| Persona | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | winik /winik/ | winik /winik/ | winkil /winkil/ | krixchano /kriʃtʃano/ | — |
| Testa | jol /hol/ | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jolol /holol/ | — |
| Occhio | wut /wut/ | sit /sit/ | wich /witʃ/ | ut /ut/ | satej /sateh/ | sat /sat/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Orecchio | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikinil /tʃikinil/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Naso | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Bocca | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Dente | ej /eh/ | ehal /ehal/ | ej /eh/ | eh /eh/ | ex /eʃ/ | tanal eal /tanal ʔeal/ | koh /koh/ |
| Lingua | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | okʼ /ʔokʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Mano | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼob /kʼoɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ |
| Piede | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ | ok /ok/ | okol /ʔokol/ | — |
| Cuore | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | altzil /altsil/ | oʼon /ʔoʔon/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ |
| Osso | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼak /ɓak/ |
| Sangue | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Cacca | taʼ /taʔ/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | — | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | tzoʼ /tsoʔ/ | — |
| Amore | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | yaah /jaːh/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | yakunti /jakunti/ |
| Albero | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Cane | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ |
| Gatto | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | miis /miːs/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ |
| Pesce | chäy /tʃɨj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | kay /kaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | choy /tʃoj/ | käy /kɨj/ |
| Uccello | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Farfalla | pejpem /pehpem/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | — | pejpen /pehpen/ | pepen /pepen/ | — |
| Uovo | tumut /tumut/ | tomut /tomut/ | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | — | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tanal /tanal/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Orso | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — |
| Cavallo | kawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | kawu /kawu/ | tzimim /tsimim/ | — | kawu /kawu/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | — |
| Casa | otyot /otjot/ | na /na/ | otot /otot/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | nah /nah/ |
| Latte | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ | — | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | — |
| Miele | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | ajapom /ahapom/ | — |
| Sale | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | — | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | tab /tab/ |
| Vino | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /vino/ | — |
| Riso | arus /aɾus/ | — | arroz /aros/ | — | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | aros /aros/ | — |
| Cioccolato | chocolate | chocolate | — | — | tsʼanubʼal kakaw /tsʼanuɓal kakaw/ | chokolate /tʃokolate/ | — |
| Seta | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — |
| Libro | juñ /huɲ/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | huun /huːn/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | vun /vun/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ |
| Mangiare | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | jant /hant/ |
| Bere | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Dormire | wäyel /wɨjel/ | way /waj/ | wäye /wɨje/ | way /waj/ | wayel /wajel/ | vay /vaj/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| Uno | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Due | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Tre | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | ux /uʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxib /ʔoʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ |
| Quattro | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chan /tʃan/ | kan /kan/ | chane /tʃane/ | chanib /tʃaniɓ/ | kan /kan/ |
| Cinque | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | voʼob /voʔoɓ/ | — |
| Cento | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | cien /sjen/ | — | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼvinik /hoʔvinik/ | — |
| Ciao | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ |
| Grazie | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | yuj /juh/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ |
| Buono | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | lek /lek/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utz /uts/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | malobʼ /malob/ |
| Nuovo | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — |
| Rosso | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ | chak /tʃak/ | tzajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ |
| Bianco | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sæk/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ |
| Nero | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | ikʼal /ikʼal/ | — |
| Verde | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaxal /jaʃal/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Blu | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yox /joʃ/ | — |
| Computer | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — | — | computadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — |
| Tè | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | — | té /te/ | te /te/ | — |
| Caffè | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpel /kahpel/ | — | — | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajve /kahve/ | — |
| Zucchero | asukal /asukal/ | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | — | — | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | asuka /ʔasuka/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ |
| Arancia | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | — | naranja /naranha/ | alaxa /alaʃa/ | — |
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