Tojol-ab'al
Tojolabal
Maya
Il tojolabal (autonimo tojol-abʼal, «la lingua vera») è una lingua maya del sotto-ramo chujano all'interno del ramo q'anjob'alano-chujano, parlata da circa 70.000 persone nei comuni di Las Margaritas e Comitán, in Chiapas, Messico, vicino al confine guatemalteco. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il tojolabal è più strettamente imparentato con il chuj (cac) del Guatemala — i due sono talvolta trattati come un continuum dialettale chujano — e più alla lontana con le lingue q'anjob'alane (q'anjob'al kjb, akateko, jakalteko). La comunità tojolabal è nota per la sua forte tradizione di proprietà fondiaria comunitaria (il sistema dell'ejido) e per la filosofia politica del «nosotros» (noi — in tojolabal lekilukʼ), che privilegia la soggettività collettiva rispetto all'identità individuale. La rivolta zapatista del 1994 in Chiapas attirò notevole attenzione sul tojolabal come una delle principali lingue maya della regione dei comuni autonomi.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tojolabal
wifi
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Maya
| Significato | Tojolabal | Tzeltal | Tzotzil | Maya itzá | Chol | Chontal di Tabasco | Maya classico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fuoco | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ |
| Sole | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Luna | ixaw /iʃaw/ | u /u/ | u /ʔu/ | uj /uh/ | uw /uw/ | ä /æ/ | uh /uh/ |
| Stella | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ |
| Notte | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼubal /akʼubal/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ |
| Neve | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | — | taiv /taiv/ | — | — | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | — |
| Vento | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Terra | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ |
| Pietra | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | tuun /tuːn/ |
| Montagna | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | vits /vits/ | — | wits /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | witz /wits/ |
| Mare | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | mar /mar/ | nab /naɓ/ | — | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | nab /nab/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ |
| Madre | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Padre | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ |
| Figlia | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | tzeb /tseɓ/ | — | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | — |
| Io | keʼn /keʔn/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | ten /ten/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | hiin /hiːn/ |
| Tu | weʼn /weʔn/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | tech /tetʃ/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | hat /hat/ |
| Noi | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | voʼotik / voʼonkutik /voʔotik / voʔonkutik/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | — /—/ |
| Nome | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ |
| Persona | winkil /winkil/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | krixchano /kriʃtʃano/ | — | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | winik /winik/ | winik /winik/ |
| Testa | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jol /hol/ | jolol /holol/ | — | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ |
| Occhio | satej /sateh/ | sit /sit/ | sat /sat/ | ich /itʃ/ | wut /wut/ | wich /witʃ/ | ut /ut/ |
| Orecchio | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikinil /tʃikinil/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ |
| Naso | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Bocca | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Dente | ex /eʃ/ | ehal /ehal/ | tanal eal /tanal ʔeal/ | koh /koh/ | ej /eh/ | ej /eh/ | eh /eh/ |
| Lingua | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | okʼ /ʔokʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Mano | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼob /kʼoɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼab /kʼab/ |
| Piede | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | okol /ʔokol/ | — | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ |
| Cuore | altzil /altsil/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | oʼon /ʔoʔon/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pixan /piʃan/ |
| Osso | bakel /ɓakel/ | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bak /ɓak/ | baak /ɓaːk/ |
| Sangue | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Cacca | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | tzoʼ /tsoʔ/ | — | taʼ /taʔ/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | — |
| Amore | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | yaah /jaːh/ |
| Albero | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Cane | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ |
| Gatto | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | miis /miːs/ |
| Pesce | chay /tʃaj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | choy /tʃoj/ | käy /kɨj/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Uccello | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ |
| Farfalla | pejpen /pehpen/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pepen /pepen/ | — | pejpem /pehpem/ | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | — |
| Uovo | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tomut /tomut/ | tanal /tanal/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ | tumut /tumut/ | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | — |
| Orso | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | — |
| Cavallo | kawu /kawu/ | kawu /kawu/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | — | kawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | tzimim /tsimim/ | — |
| Casa | naj /nah/ | na /na/ | na /na/ | nah /nah/ | otyot /otjot/ | otot /otot/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ |
| Latte | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | — | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | leche /letʃe/ | — |
| Miele | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | ajapom /ahapom/ | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — |
| Sale | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | tab /tab/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | — |
| Vino | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /bino/ | vino /vino/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — |
| Riso | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | — | aros /aros/ | — | arus /aɾus/ | arroz /aros/ | — |
| Cioccolato | tsʼanubʼal kakaw /tsʼanuɓal kakaw/ | chocolate | chokolate /tʃokolate/ | — | chocolate | — | — |
| Ferro | takʼin /takʼin/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | tzatzal takʼin /tsatsal takʼin/ | — | — | palib /palib/ | — |
| Ruota | rweda /rweda/ | — | karos /karos/ | — | — | rueda /rweda/ | — |
| Seta | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — | seda /seda/ | seda /ˈseda/ | — |
| Libro | juʼun /huʔun/ | jun /hun/ | vun /vun/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | juñ /huɲ/ | jun /hun/ | huun /huːn/ |
| Mangiare | waʼel /waʔel/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | jant /hant/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ |
| Bere | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Dormire | wayel /wajel/ | way /waj/ | vay /vaj/ | wenel /wenel/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | wäye /wɨje/ | way /waj/ |
| Uno | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ |
| Due | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Tre | oxe /oʃe/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxib /ʔoʃiɓ/ | ox /oʃ/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | ux /uʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ |
| Quattro | chane /tʃane/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chanib /tʃaniɓ/ | kan /kan/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chan /tʃan/ | kan /kan/ |
| Cinque | joʼe /hoʔe/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | voʼob /voʔoɓ/ | — | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ |
| Cento | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | joʼvinik /hoʔvinik/ | — | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | cien /sjen/ | — |
| Ciao | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ |
| Grazie | yuj /juh/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ |
| Buono | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | malobʼ /malob/ | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utz /uts/ |
| Nuovo | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ |
| Rosso | chak /tʃak/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | tzajal /tsahal/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| Bianco | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | säk /sæk/ | sak /sak/ |
| Nero | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼal /ikʼal/ | — | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Verde | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaxal /jaʃal/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ |
| Blu | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yox /joʃ/ | — | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ |
| Computer | computadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | — | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | — |
| Wi-Fi | wifi | wifi | wifi | — | — | — | — |
| Tè | té /te/ | té /te/ | te /te/ | — | té /te/ | — | — |
| Caffè | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpel /kahpel/ | kajve /kahve/ | — | kajpe /kahpe/ | — | — |
| Zucchero | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | asuka /ʔasuka/ | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ | asukal /asukal/ | — | — |
| Arancia | naranja /naranha/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxa /alaʃa/ | — | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | — |
| 99 | chan tajbʼe sok bʼalun lajune /tʃan tahɓe sok ɓalun lahune/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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