Batsʼil kʼop
Tzeltal
Maya (Cholan-Tseltalan)
Il tzeltal (Bats'il kʼop, «lingua vera») è una lingua maya del ramo tseltalano, parlata negli altopiani del Chiapas, in Messico, da ~600.000 parlanti — lingua sorella del tzotzil all'interno del ramo tseltalano. È la più grande lingua maya per numero di parlanti L1 in Messico dopo il maya yucateco. I maya tzeltal sono concentrati nella regione di Los Altos (zona di San Cristóbal de las Casas), con comunità rilevanti a Oxchuc, Tenejapa, Bachajón e altre cittadine. Ogni cittadina ha la propria varietà. Riconosciuta come lingua nazionale del Messico (legge del 2003). Possiede il tipico sistema casuale ergativo-assolutivo maya, marcatori di persona e una ricca morfologia aspettuale verbale. L'ortografia latina usa l'apostrofo per le eiettive.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tzeltal
chocolate
wifi
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Maya (Cholan-Tseltalan)
| Significato | Tzeltal | Tzotzil | Tojolabal | Chol | Maya classico | Chontal di Tabasco | Maya itzá |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | jaʼ /haʔ/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fuoco | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼokʼ /kʼokʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ |
| Sole | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼakʼal /kʼakʼal/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ |
| Luna | u /u/ | u /ʔu/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | uw /uw/ | uh /uh/ | ä /æ/ | uj /uh/ |
| Stella | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ |
| Notte | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼubal /akʼubal/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ |
| Pioggia | jaʼal /haʔal/ | voʼ /voʔ/ | — | jaʼal /haʔal/ | haʼal /haʔal/ | — | — |
| Vento | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | ikʼ /ikʼ/ |
| Terra | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ | lum /lum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Pietra | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | ton /ton/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | tuun /tuːn/ | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ |
| Montagna | wits /wits/ | vits /vits/ | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | witz /wits/ | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | — |
| Mare | mar /mar/ | nab /naɓ/ | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ | nab /nab/ | — |
| Madre | meʼ /meʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | nan /nan/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Padre | tat /tat/ | tot /tot/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ |
| Figlia | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | tzeb /tseɓ/ | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | — | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | — |
| Io | joʼon /hoʔon/ | voʼon /voʔon/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | hiin /hiːn/ | noʼon /noʔon/ | ten /ten/ |
| Tu | jaʼat /haʔat/ | voʼot /voʔot/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | hat /hat/ | neʼet /neʔet/ | tech /tetʃ/ |
| Noi | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | voʼotik / voʼonkutik /voʔotik / voʔonkutik/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | — /—/ | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Nome | biil /ɓiːl/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ |
| Persona | ants winik /ants winik/ | krixchano /kriʃtʃano/ | winkil /winkil/ | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | winik /winik/ | winik /winik/ | — |
| Testa | jol /hol/ | jolol /holol/ | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | jol /hol/ | jol /hol/ | pam /pam/ | — |
| Occhio | sit /sit/ | sat /sat/ | satej /sateh/ | wut /wut/ | ut /ut/ | wich /witʃ/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Orecchio | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikinil /tʃikinil/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Naso | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Bocca | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | e /e/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Dente | ehal /ehal/ | tanal eal /tanal ʔeal/ | ex /eʃ/ | ej /eh/ | eh /eh/ | ej /eh/ | koh /koh/ |
| Lingua | akʼ /akʼ/ | okʼ /ʔokʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Mano | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼob /kʼoɓ/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼab /kʼab/ |
| Piede | ok /ok/ | okol /ʔokol/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ | ok /ok/ | — |
| Cuore | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | oʼon /ʔoʔon/ | altzil /altsil/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ |
| Osso | bak /ɓak/ | bak /ɓak/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼak /ɓak/ |
| Sangue | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ |
| Cacca | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | tzoʼ /tsoʔ/ | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | — | taʼ /taʔ/ | — |
| Amore | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | kʼanel /kʼanel/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | yaah /jaːh/ | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | yakunti /jakunti/ |
| Albero | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Cane | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ |
| Gatto | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | miis /miːs/ | ajmis /ahmis/ | mis /mis/ |
| Pesce | chay /tʃaj/ | choy /tʃoj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | kay /kaj/ | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | käy /kɨj/ |
| Uccello | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Farfalla | pejpen /pehpen/ | pepen /pepen/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pejpem /pehpem/ | — | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | — |
| Uovo | tomut /tomut/ | tanal /tanal/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | tumut /tumut/ | — | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Orso | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | — |
| Cavallo | kawu /kawu/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | kawu /kawu/ | kawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | — | tzimim /tsimim/ | — |
| Casa | na /na/ | na /na/ | naj /nah/ | otyot /otjot/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | otot /otot/ | nah /nah/ |
| Latte | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | — | leche /letʃe/ | — |
| Miele | chab /tʃab/ | ajapom /ahapom/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | — |
| Sale | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | — | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | tab /tab/ |
| Vino | vino /bino/ | vino /vino/ | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /ˈbino/ | — | vino /ˈbino/ | — |
| Cioccolato | chocolate | chokolate /tʃokolate/ | tsʼanubʼal kakaw /tsʼanuɓal kakaw/ | chocolate | — | — | — |
| Ferro | takʼin /takʼin/ | tzatzal takʼin /tsatsal takʼin/ | takʼin /takʼin/ | — | — | palib /palib/ | — |
| Seta | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | — | seda /ˈseda/ | — |
| Libro | jun /hun/ | vun /vun/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | juñ /huɲ/ | huun /huːn/ | jun /hun/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ |
| Mangiare | weʼel /weʔel/ | veʼel /veʔel/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | jant /hant/ |
| Bere | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ |
| Dormire | way /waj/ | vay /vaj/ | wayel /wajel/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | way /waj/ | wäye /wɨje/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| Uno | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | un /un/ | jun /hun/ |
| Due | cheb /tʃeb/ | chib /tʃiɓ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Tre | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxib /ʔoʃiɓ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | ox /oʃ/ | ux /uʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ |
| Quattro | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | chanib /tʃaniɓ/ | chane /tʃane/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | kan /kan/ | chan /tʃan/ | kan /kan/ |
| Cinque | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | voʼob /voʔoɓ/ | joʼe /hoʔe/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | — |
| Cento | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | joʼvinik /hoʔvinik/ | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | — | cien /sjen/ | — |
| Ciao | banti winik /banti winik/ | kʼusi avokoluk /kʼusi avokoluk/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ |
| Grazie | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | kolaval /kolaval/ | yuj /juh/ | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ |
| Buono | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | lek /lek/ | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | utz /uts/ | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | malobʼ /malob/ |
| Nuovo | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | tzijib /tsihib/ | — |
| Rosso | tsajal /tsahal/ | tzajal /tsahal/ | chak /tʃak/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ |
| Bianco | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sæk/ | säk /sək/ |
| Nero | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼal /ikʼal/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — |
| Verde | yax /jaʃ/ | yaxal /jaʃal/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Blu | yax /jaʃ/ | yox /joʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yäx /jɨʃ/ | — |
| Computer | komputadora /komputadora/ | komputadora /komputadora/ | computadora /komputadora/ | computadora /komputadoɾa/ | — | — | — |
| Wi-Fi | wifi | wifi | wifi | — | — | — | — |
| Tè | té /te/ | te /te/ | té /te/ | té /te/ | — | — | — |
| Caffè | kajpel /kahpel/ | kajve /kahve/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | kajpe /kahpe/ | — | — | — |
| Zucchero | sakil asukal /sakil asukal/ | asuka /ʔasuka/ | sakal askal /sakal ʔaskal/ | asukal /asukal/ | — | — | chʼuuk /tʃʼuːk/ |
| Arancia | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxa /alaʃa/ | naranja /naranha/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | — | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | — |
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