Bunun
Austronesiana (Bunun)
Il bunun è una lingua formosana (austronesiana) del popolo bunun, che abita i villaggi più elevati del Taiwan centrale, spesso oltre i 1.000 m. Con circa 60.000 bunun etnici e circa 12.000 parlanti nativi quotidiani, conta cinque principali gruppi dialettali (isbukun, takbanuaz, takivatan, takbakha e il takituduh, estinto o moribondo); l'isbukun è lo standard moderno. Il bunun è celebre in tutto il mondo per il Pasibutbut, canto di raccolto polifonico a otto voci, una delle tradizioni polifoniche indigene più note dell'Asia, documentato da Kurosawa Takatomo nel 1943 e presentato agli archivi di etnomusicologia dell'UNESCO.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in bunun
Fonti
- Ethnologue: bnn
- Li (1988) A Comparative Study of Bunun Dialects
- Kurosawa (1943) Takasago-zoku no ongaku
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana (Bunun)
| Significato | Bunun | Malese antico | Proto-austronesiano | Mandar | Cham antico | Thao | Paiwan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | danum /danum/ | air /air/ | *daNum /daNum/ | uai /uai/ | ie /ʔiə/ | sazum /saðum/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ |
| Fuoco | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | apuy /apuj/ | sapuy /sapui/ |
| Sole | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ | *waRi /waRi/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | huriy /hurij/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | qadaw /qadaw/ |
| Luna | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ |
| Stella | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ |
| Notte | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | malam /malam/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ |
| Pioggia | qudan /qudan/ | — | *quzaN /quzaN/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | — | qusaz /qusað/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ |
| Neve | paav /paav/ | — | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | — | — | ulhza /uɬða/ | sulja /suʎa/ |
| Vento | luvluv /luvluv/ | — | *bali /bali/ | angin /aŋin/ | — | fari /faɾi/ | vali /vali/ |
| Terra | dalah /dalah/ | — | *taneq /taneq/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | — | pruq /pruq/ | qipu /qipu/ |
| Pietra | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ | fatu /fatu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ |
| Montagna | ludun /ludun/ | — | *bukij /bukij/ | buttu /butːu/ | — | huzun /huðun/ | gadu /ɡadu/ |
| Mare | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — | *tenem /tenem/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | — | wazakan /waðakan/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ |
| Madre | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ | *ina /ina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | inā /ina/ | ina /ina/ | kina /kina/ |
| Padre | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | amā /ama/ | ama /ama/ | kama /kama/ |
| Figlia | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | — | — | — | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ |
| Io | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ | *aku /aku/ | iyau /ijau/ | ku /ku/ | yaku /jaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ |
| Tu | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | io /iʔo/ | hã /haː/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | sun /sun/ |
| Noi | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | — /—/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ |
| Nome | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | sanga /saŋa/ | angan /aŋan/ | tanan /tanan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Persona | bunun /bunun/ | — | *Cau /tsau/ | tau /tau/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | caw /θaw/ | caucau /tsautsau/ |
| Testa | bungu /buŋu/ | — | *quluh /quluh/ | ulu /ulu/ | — | punuq /punuq/ | qulu /qulu/ |
| Occhio | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ | maca /maθa/ | maca /matsa/ |
| Orecchio | tainga /taiŋa/ | — | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | — | lharina /ɬarina/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ |
| Naso | ngutus /ŋutus/ | — | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ | muzin /muðin/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ |
| Bocca | ngulus /ŋulus/ | — | — | nganga /ŋaŋa/ | — | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ |
| Dente | nipun /nipun/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | *nipen /nipen/ | isi /isi/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | nipin /nipin/ | alis /aɭis/ |
| Lingua | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lila /lila/ | dalah /dalah/ | zama /ðama/ | sema /səma/ |
| Mano | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Piede | bantas /bantas/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | — | takai /takai/ | kuskus /kuskus/ | — |
| Cuore | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | ate /ate/ | hatai /hatai/ | putul /putul/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ |
| Osso | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | buku /buku/ | talang /talaŋ/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ |
| Sangue | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | darah /darah/ | talhum /taɬum/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ |
| Cacca | taki /taki/ | — | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tai /tai/ | — | caqi /θaqi/ | caqi /tsaqi/ |
| Amore | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ |
| Albero | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kaju /kaju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | kasiw /kasiw/ |
| Cane | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ | atu /atu/ | vatu /vatu/ |
| Gatto | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mio /mio/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | posi /posi/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ |
| Pesce | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | bau /ˈbau/ | ikan /ikan/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ |
| Uccello | hazam /hazam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | cim /tʃim/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ |
| Farfalla | balikuan /balikuan/ | — | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | — | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | pepe /pəpə/ |
| Uovo | lububunun /lububunun/ | — | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | — | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ |
| Orso | tumaz /tumað/ | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | cumay /θumai/ | cumay /tsumai/ |
| Cavallo | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — | — | — | — | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ |
| Casa | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | kayan /kajan/ | umaq /umaq/ |
| Latte | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Miele | vanu /vanu/ | — | — | — | — | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | alju /aʎu/ |
| Sale | hasila /hasila/ | garam /ɡaram/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | sia /sia/ | — | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | qatia /qatia/ |
| Riso | cilas /tsilas/ | — | *beRas /beRas/ | baras /baras/ | — | — | paday /padai/ |
| Ferro | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — | *Namat /Namat/ | bassi /basːi/ | — | balis /balis/ | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ |
| Ruota | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — | — | — | — | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ |
| Seta | kaiku /kaiku/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Libro | patasan /patasan/ | — | — | suraq /suraʔ/ | — | patashan /pataʃan/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ |
| Mangiare | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | kuman /kuman/ | keman /kəman/ |
| Bere | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | minung /minuŋ/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | temekel /təməkəl/ |
| Dormire | masabah /masabah/ | tidur /tidur/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | matindro /matindro/ | — | malhus /maɬus/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ |
| Uno | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ | mesa /mesa/ | sa /sa/ | tata /tata/ | ita /ita/ |
| Due | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ |
| Tre | tau /tau/ | tlu /tlu/ | *telu /telu/ | tallu /talːu/ | klau /klau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ |
| Quattro | paat /paːt/ | mpat /əmpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | appe /apːe/ | pāt /paːt/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ |
| Cinque | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /rima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | saba /saba/ | ratus /ratus/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | — | shaba /ʃaba/ | taidai /taidai/ |
| Ciao | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | — /—/ | ya /ja/ | masalu /masalu/ |
| Grazie | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | — /—/ | mihu /mihu/ | masalu /masalu/ |
| Buono | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | siam /siam/ | kapah /kapah/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ |
| Nuovo | bahlu /baɬu/ | — | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | baru /baru/ | — | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | vaquan /vaquan/ |
| Rosso | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | merah /merah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | mamea /mamea/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ |
| Bianco | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | putih /putih/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | mapute /mapute/ | patih /patih/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ |
| Nero | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ |
| Verde | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — | — | mekurarraq /mekurarːaʔ/ | — | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ |
| Blu | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — | — | magavu /maɡavu/ | — | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ |
| Computer | tinnau /tinnau/ | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | — | tiannau /tiannau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ |
| Tè | ucia /utsia/ | — | — | — | — | — | ucia /utsia/ |
| Caffè | kapi /kapi/ | — | — | — | — | — | kuhi /kuhi/ |
| Zucchero | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | — | golla /ɡolːa/ | — | — | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ |
| Arancia | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — | — | — | tjianes /tʲianəs/ |
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