Thaw a tnaw
Thao
Austronesiana
Il thao (sao, autonimo Thaw a tnaw «la lingua thao») è una delle lingue austronesiane più gravemente minacciate, con appena ~5 parlanti madrelingua fluenti rimasti tra circa 600 thao etnici. I thao sono concentrati presso il lago del Sole e della Luna (noto anche come lago Candidius), nel Taiwan centrale, di cui sono gli abitanti originari. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il thao è l'unica lingua formosana delle pianure occidentali ancora sopravvissuta — sorella di varie lingue formosane delle pianure ormai estinte della costa occidentale taiwanese (hoanya, babuza, papora, ecc.) scomparse durante la colonizzazione han cinese tra il XVII e il XIX secolo. L'isolamento linguistico del thao lo rende particolarmente prezioso per la ricostruzione storica dell'austronesiano. Riconosciuto come 10ª nazione aborigena ufficiale di Taiwan nel 2001 dopo un'ampia mobilitazione comunitaria.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in thao
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana
| Significato | Thao | Proto-austronesiano | Bunun | Sakizaya | Pazeh | Paiwan | Tao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | sazum /saðum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | nanum /nanum/ | dalum /dalum/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fuoco | apuy /apuj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | lamal /lamal/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | sapuy /sapui/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sole | fitulha /fituʎa/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | araw /araw/ |
| Luna | furaz /fuɾað/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | bulad /bulad/ | ilas /ilas/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Stella | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | mintol /mintol/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Notte | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | xinian /xinian/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Pioggia | qusaz /qusað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | udan /udan/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Neve | ulhza /uɬða/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | sulda /sulda/ | hahela /hahela/ | sulja /suʎa/ | — |
| Vento | fari /faɾi/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | bari /baɾi/ | vali /vali/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Terra | pruq /pruq/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ | qipu /qipu/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pietra | fatu /fatu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | vato /vato/ |
| Montagna | huzun /huðun/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Mare | wazakan /waðakan/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | bayu /baju/ | awas /awas/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Madre | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Padre | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Io | yaku /jaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Tu | ihu /ʔihu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | kisu /kisu/ | isiu /isiu/ | sun /sun/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Noi | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Nome | tanan /tanan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Persona | caw /θaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | saw /saw/ | caucau /tsautsau/ | tao /tao/ |
| Testa | punuq /punuq/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | punu /punu/ | qulu /qulu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Occhio | maca /maθa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orecchio | lharina /ɬarina/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | sainga /saiŋa/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Naso | muzin /muðin/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | muzing /muziŋ/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Bocca | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | laway /lawaj/ | ahan /ahan/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Dente | nipin /nipin/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | alis /aɭis/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Lingua | zama /ðama/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | dahama /dahama/ | sema /səma/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mano | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamai/ | rima /ɾima/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Piede | kuskus /kuskus/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | — | ai /ai/ |
| Cuore | putul /putul/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | baga /baɡa/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Osso | puʼu /puʔu/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | bul /bul/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Sangue | talhum /taɬum/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | damu /damu/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Cacca | caqi /θaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | obot /obot/ |
| Amore | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Albero | lhalum /ʎalum/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Cane | atu /atu/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | waco /watʃo/ | wazu /wazu/ | vatu /vatu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Gatto | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Pesce | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | buting /butiŋ/ | alaw /alaw/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Uccello | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | ayam /ajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Farfalla | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Uovo | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Orso | cumay /θumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | tumay /tumai/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | — |
| Cavallo | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — |
| Casa | kayan /kajan/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | luma /luma/ | xuma /xuma/ | umaq /umaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Miele | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | — |
| Sale | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | cikah /tsikah/ | pahah /pahah/ | qatia /qatia/ | asin /asin/ |
| Ferro | balis /balis/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | mukin /mukin/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Libro | patashan /pataʃan/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | cudad /tsudad/ | babizu /babizu/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Mangiare | kuman /kuman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | hekal /hekal/ | mekan /məkan/ | keman /kəman/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Bere | naqayan /naqajan/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormire | malhus /maɬus/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Uno | tata /tata/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | adang /adaŋ/ | ita /ita/ | asa /asa/ |
| Due | tusha /tuʃa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Tre | turu /tuɾu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tulu /tulu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Quattro | shpat /ʃpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | sepat /səpat/ | supat /supat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | apat /apat/ |
| Cinque | rima /rima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | shaba /ʃaba/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | haten /hatən/ | taidai /taidai/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Ciao | ya /ja/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Grazie | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Buono | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Nuovo | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | xias /xias/ | vaquan /vaquan/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Rosso | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Bianco | mapuzi /mapuði/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Nero | maqusum /maqusum/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Verde | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | tululik /tululik/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Blu | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Computer | tiannau /tiannau/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
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