Pinayuanan
Paiwan
Austronesiana (Paiwanic)
Il paiwan è la seconda lingua formosana per numero di parlanti, diffusa nel sud di Taiwan (Pingtung, Taitung) tra circa 96.000 persone, di cui circa 10.000 la usano quotidianamente come prima lingua. Si distingue per una differenziazione di registro lessicale tra nobili e plebei: capi e aristocratici impiegano uno strato lessicale distinto. I Paiwan sono celebri per l'iconografia della vipera "cento passi" nelle loro tradizioni. È riconosciuta ufficialmente come una delle 16 lingue austronesiane indigene di Taiwan ed è insegnata nelle scuole primarie dal 2001 con un'ortografia latina standardizzata.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in paiwan
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana (Paiwanic)
| Significato | Paiwan | Proto-austronesiano | Puyuma | Bunun | Rukai | Thao | Pazeh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | zaljum /zaʎum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | sazum /saðum/ | dalum /dalum/ |
| Fuoco | sapuy /sapui/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apoy /aˈpoi/ | apuy /apuj/ | hapuy /hapuj/ |
| Sole | qadaw /qadaw/ | *waRi /waRi/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | vai /vai/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | rizax /ɾizax/ |
| Luna | qiljas /qiʎas/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | dramare /ɖamaɾə/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | ilas /ilas/ |
| Stella | vituqan /vituqan/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | mintol /mintol/ |
| Notte | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | maʼungu /maʔuŋu/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | xinian /xinian/ |
| Pioggia | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | odalə /odalə/ | qusaz /qusað/ | udan /udan/ |
| Neve | sulja /suʎa/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | pasaabu /pasaːbu/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | hahela /hahela/ |
| Vento | vali /vali/ | *bali /bali/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | sasəvəranə /sasəvəɾanə/ | fari /faɾi/ | bari /baɾi/ |
| Terra | qipu /qipu/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | dae /daə/ | pruq /pruq/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ |
| Pietra | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | *batu /batu/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | lrənəgə /ɭənəɡə/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Montagna | gadu /ɡadu/ | *bukij /bukij/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | lregelrege /ɭəɡəɭəɡə/ | huzun /huðun/ | — |
| Mare | ljavek /ʎavək/ | *tenem /tenem/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | laveke /ɭavəkə/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | awas /awas/ |
| Madre | kina /kina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Padre | kama /kama/ | *ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | amā /aˈmaː/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ |
| Figlia | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | — | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | ababay ka lalake /ababai ka lalake/ | — | — |
| Io | tiaken /tiakən/ | *aku /aku/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | kunaku /kunaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | yaku /jaku/ |
| Tu | sun /sun/ | *iSu /iSu/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | kusu /kusu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | isiu /isiu/ |
| Noi | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kuta / kunai /kuta / kunai/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ |
| Nome | ngadan /ŋadan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | tanan /tanan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ |
| Persona | caucau /tsautsau/ | *Cau /tsau/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | umawmase /umawmasə/ | caw /θaw/ | saw /saw/ |
| Testa | qulu /qulu/ | *quluh /quluh/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | aolo /aoɭo/ | punuq /punuq/ | punu /punu/ |
| Occhio | maca /matsa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /maθa/ | daurik /dauɾik/ |
| Orecchio | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | calinga /tsaɭiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | sainga /saiŋa/ |
| Naso | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | ngongoanə /ŋoŋoanə/ | muzin /muðin/ | muzing /muziŋ/ |
| Bocca | angal /aŋaɭ/ | — | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngodoy /ŋoˈdoi/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | ahan /ahan/ |
| Dente | alis /aɭis/ | *nipen /nipen/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | valisi /valisi/ | nipin /nipin/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ |
| Lingua | sema /səma/ | *Sema /Sema/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidamə /ɭidamə/ | zama /ðama/ | dahama /dahama/ |
| Mano | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ |
| Cuore | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | atay /aˈtai/ | putul /putul/ | baga /baɡa/ |
| Osso | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | colalə /tsoɭaɭə/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | bul /bul/ |
| Sangue | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | eray /əˈɾai/ | talhum /taɬum/ | damu /damu/ |
| Cacca | caqi /tsaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | caki /tsaki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | — |
| Amore | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | — /—/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | ababai /aˈbabai/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ |
| Albero | kasiw /kasiw/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | kahuy /kahuj/ |
| Cane | vatu /vatu/ | *asu /asu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | atu /atu/ | wazu /wazu/ |
| Gatto | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | — /—/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | kaʼangə /kaʔaŋə/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | alaw /alaw/ |
| Uccello | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | adhadhamə /aðaðamə/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | ayam /ajam/ |
| Farfalla | pepe /pəpə/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | lialivarane /ɭiaɭiˈvaɾanə/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — |
| Uovo | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | batuku /batuku/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ |
| Orso | cumay /tsumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /tsuˈmai/ | cumay /θumai/ | — |
| Cavallo | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ |
| Casa | umaq /umaq/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | daane /daːne/ | kayan /kajan/ | xuma /xuma/ |
| Miele | alju /aʎu/ | — | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | valu /vaɭu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — |
| Sale | qatia /qatia/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | timu /ˈtimu/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | pahah /pahah/ |
| Vino | vava /vava/ | — | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | bava /bava/ | — | — |
| Riso | paday /padai/ | *beRas /beRas/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | pagay /paˈɡai/ | — | — |
| Ferro | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | *Namat /Namat/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | adreme /aˈɖəmə/ | balis /balis/ | — |
| Ruota | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | — | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | palridingi /paɭiˈdiŋi/ | — | — |
| Libro | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | — | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | hungu /huŋu/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | babizu /babizu/ |
| Mangiare | keman /kəman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | waane /ˈwaːne/ | kuman /kuman/ | mekan /məkan/ |
| Bere | temekel /təməkəl/ | *inum /inum/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | otobi /oˈtobi/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ |
| Dormire | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | waapəcə /waːpətsə/ | malhus /maɬus/ | masuaw /masuaw/ |
| Uno | ita /ita/ | *isa /isa/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | itha /iˈθa/ | tata /tata/ | adang /adaŋ/ |
| Due | drusa /ɖusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | dusa /dusa/ |
| Tre | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | *telu /telu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | tolo /tolo/ | turu /tuɾu/ | turu /tuɾu/ |
| Quattro | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | səpatə /səpatə/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | supat /supat/ |
| Cinque | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lrima /ˈɭima/ | rima /rima/ | xasep /xasəp/ |
| Cento | taidai /taidai/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | iday /idaj/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | haten /hatən/ |
| Ciao | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | sabaw /saˈbau/ | ya /ja/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | masalu /masalu/ | — /—/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | masalu /maˈsalu/ | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | — /—/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ |
| Nuovo | vaquan /vaquan/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baavanə /baːvanə/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | xias /xias/ |
| Rosso | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | dirərələ /diɾəɾələ/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ |
| Bianco | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | popoli /poˈpoli/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ |
| Nero | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maicəlrəngə /maitsəɭəŋə/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ |
| Verde | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | — | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | tululik /tululik/ |
| Blu | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | — | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | salesese /saləsəsə/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — |
| Computer | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tinnaw /tinˈnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | — |
| Sushi | susi /susi/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tè | ucia /utsia/ | — | — | ucia /utsia/ | ucia /uˈtsia/ | — | — |
| Caffè | kuhi /kuhi/ | — | — | kapi /kapi/ | kahwi /ˈkahwi/ | — | — |
| Zucchero | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | — | walru | kamasia /kamasia/ | alualu /aluˈalu/ | — | — |
| Arancia | tjianes /tʲianəs/ | — | — | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — |
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