Kebalan
Kavalan
Austronesiana (East Formosan)
Il kavalan (kebalan) è una lingua austronesiana del formosano orientale in pericolo critico di estinzione, parlata nel Taiwan orientale, con solo una ventina di anziani parlanti fluenti, concentrati a Hualien (villaggi di Sinshe/Paterungan) e ricordata a Yilan. Riconosciuto ufficialmente come popolo indigeno distinto di Taiwan nel 2002, dopo una lunga campagna. Tipologicamente conservativo all'interno dell'austronesiano: conserva la *R proto-austronesiana come /x/ (ad es. zanuR > cognati imparentati con zanum), preserva un sistema di voce di tipo filippino a quattro vie e mostra un ordine di base VOS. Gli sforzi di rivitalizzazione comprendono il programma «Nido Linguistico» del CIP.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in kavalan
Fonti
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Dictionary. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei & Tsuchida, Shigeru (2006) Kavalan Texts. Academia Sinica.
- Glottolog: Kavalan
- Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan): Kebalan / Kavalan language resources
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana (East Formosan)
| Significato | Kavalan | Sakizaya | Proto-austronesiano | Pazeh | Maguindanao | Bunun | Malese antico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | zanum /zaˈnum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | dalum /dalum/ | ig /ʔiɡ/ | danum /danum/ | air /air/ |
| Fuoco | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | api /api/ |
| Sole | siban /siˈban/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | senang /seˈnaŋ/ | vali /vali/ | matari /matari/ |
| Luna | buran /buˈran/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | ilas /ilas/ | bulan /buˈlan/ | buan /buan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Stella | bituqan /bituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | mintol /mintol/ | bitun /biˈtun/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Notte | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | xinian /xinian/ | magabi /maɡabi/ | labian /labian/ | malam /malam/ |
| Pioggia | uzan /uˈzan/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | udan /udan/ | ulan /ˈʔulan/ | qudan /qudan/ | — |
| Neve | suRna /suʁna/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | hahela /hahela/ | — | paav /paav/ | — |
| Vento | bari /baˈri/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | bari /baɾi/ | endu /ʔənˈdu/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | — |
| Terra | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ | lupa /lupaʔ/ | dalah /dalah/ | — |
| Pietra | btu /btu/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | watu /waˈtu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Montagna | naung /nauŋ/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | — | palaw /paˈlaw/ | ludun /ludun/ | — |
| Mare | lazing /laziŋ/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | awas /awas/ | lagat /ˈlaɡat/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | — |
| Madre | tina /ˈtina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ˈʔina/ | tina /tina/ | ibu /ibu/ |
| Padre | tama /ˈtama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ | ama /ˈʔama/ | tama /tama/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Io | aiku /aiku/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | yaku /jaku/ | saki /saki/ | saikin /saikin/ | aku /aku/ |
| Tu | aisu /aisu/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | isiu /isiu/ | seka /səka/ | suu /suʔu/ | kamu /kamu/ |
| Noi | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | sekitanu / sekami /səkitanu / səkami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ |
| Nome | nangan /naŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngala /ŋala/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Persona | lazat /lazat/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | saw /saw/ | taw /taw/ | bunun /bunun/ | — |
| Testa | uru /uʁu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | punu /punu/ | ulu /ˈʔulu/ | bungu /buŋu/ | — |
| Occhio | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orecchio | kayal /kajal/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | sainga /saiŋa/ | tangila /taˈŋila/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | — |
| Naso | unung /unuŋ/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | muzing /muziŋ/ | ngilung /ˈŋiluŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | — |
| Bocca | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ahan /ahan/ | ngali /ˈŋali/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | — |
| Dente | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | ngipen /ŋipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Lingua | rilam /ʁilam/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | dahama /dahama/ | dila /dila/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Mano | rima /riˈma/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | rima /ɾima/ | lima /liˈma/ | ima /ima/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Piede | zapan /zaˈpan/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | karaw /kaɾaw/ | ai /ʔai/ | bantas /bantas/ | — |
| Cuore | anem /aˈnəm/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | baga /baɡa/ | pusong /puˈsoŋ/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | hati /hati/ |
| Osso | tiran /tiʁan/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | bul /bul/ | tulan /tuˈlan/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Sangue | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | damu /damu/ | lugu /luɡuʔ/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | darah /darah/ |
| Cacca | tad /tad/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | — | tahi /ˈtahi/ | taki /taki/ | — |
| Amore | — /—/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kalini /kaˈlini/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Albero | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kayu /kaˈju/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Cane | wasu /waˈsu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | wazu /wazu/ | aso /ˈʔaso/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Gatto | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | kuting /kuˈtiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | baut /baut/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | alaw /alaw/ | seda /səˈdaʔ/ | iskan /iskan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Uccello | alam /aˈɬam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | ayam /ajam/ | papanuk /papaˈnuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Farfalla | pulaw /pulaw/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | — | paro-paro /paroˈparo/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | — |
| Uovo | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | leman /ləˈman/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | — |
| Orso | tumay /tuˈmai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | — | — | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Cavallo | kebayu /kəbaju/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | gamay /ɡamaj/ | kuda /kuda/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| Casa | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | xuma /xuma/ | walay /waˈlaj/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Miele | wanu /wanu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | — | teneb /təˈnəb/ | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Sale | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | pahah /pahah/ | timus /ˈtimus/ | hasila /hasila/ | garam /ɡaram/ |
| Riso | beRas /bəʁas/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | — | begas /bəˈɡas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — |
| Ferro | balis /baˈlis/ | mukin /mukin/ | *Namat /Namat/ | — | putaw /puˈtaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | — |
| Ruota | krizeng /kriˈzəŋ/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | — | tilikan /tiliˈkan/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Libro | sudad /sudad/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | babizu /babizu/ | libru /ˈlibɾu/ | patasan /patasan/ | — |
| Mangiare | quman /quˈman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | mekan /məkan/ | kakan /kaˈkan/ | maun /maun/ | makan /makan/ |
| Bere | mimum /miˈmum/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | inum /ʔiˈnum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormire | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | tulug /ˈtuluɡ/ | masabah /masabah/ | tidur /tidur/ |
| Uno | issa /ˈissa/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | adang /adaŋ/ | isa /ˈʔisa/ | tasa /tasa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Due | zusa /zusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /duwa/ | dusa /dusa/ | dua /dua/ |
| Tre | turu /tuɾu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təluʔ/ | tau /tau/ | tlu /tlu/ |
| Quattro | spat /spat/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | supat /supat/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | mpat /əmpat/ |
| Cinque | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | haten /hatən/ | magatus /maɡatus/ | saba /saba/ | ratus /ratus/ |
| Ciao | — /—/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | assalamu alaikum /assaˈlamu ʔaˈlajkum/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Grazie | — /—/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | sukran /ˈsukɾan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ |
| Buono | nngi /nŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | mapiya /maˈpija/ | masial /masial/ | baik /baik/ |
| Nuovo | tasu /tasu/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | xias /xias/ | bagu /baˈɡu/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | — |
| Rosso | tebari /təbaʀi/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | maliga /maˈliɡa/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | merah /merah/ |
| Bianco | busar /busaʀ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | maputi /maputiʔ/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | putih /putih/ |
| Nero | tengen /təŋən/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | maitem /maˈʔitəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Verde | puli /puli/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | tululik /tululik/ | gadung /ˈɡaduŋ/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Blu | puli /puli/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | — | biru /ˈbiru/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | — |
| Computer | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | — | kompyuter /komˈpjutɛr/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | — |
| Zucchero | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | — | — | mamis /maˈmis/ | kamasia /kamasia/ | — |
| Arancia | mulu /mulu/ | — | — | — | — | izuk /izuk/ | — |
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