Lutherdeutsch
Tedesco dell'epoca di Lutero
Indoeuropea (germanica, occidentale, Frühneuhochdeutsch / alto tedesco protomoderno) · varietà storica / nascosta
Il tedesco protomoderno (Frühneuhochdeutsch, ENHG, ca. 1350-1650) è il tedesco della Riforma: la Bibbia di Lutero (NT 1522, completa 1534, versione finale 1545), le opere teatrali di Hans Sachs, la tradizione dei Volksbücher. La prosa cancelleresca sassone in tedesco centro-orientale (ostmitteldeutsch) di Lutero divenne la base sulla quale il tedesco standard moderno (Hochdeutsch) fu standardizzato nei secoli successivi. Si distingue dal medio alto tedesco (gmh, 1050-1350) per la dittongazione del nuovo alto tedesco (MAT mîn → ENHG mein «mio», MAT hûs → ENHG haus «casa», MAT iuwer → ENHG euer «vostro»). Si distingue dal tedesco moderno (de) per le grafie arcaiche dell'epoca del Fraktur (Hauß per Haus, Danck per Dank, Hertz per Herz, Bawm per Baum) e per la variazione regionale pre-standard. Il canone pedagogico insegnato nelle classi di Liceum tedesco per leggere Lutero, la tradizione dei pamphlet della Riforma e il corpus letterario ENHG. Ancorato a Wittenberg — la casa di Lutero, luogo delle 95 tesi (1517) e centro della cultura tipografica della Riforma.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tedesco dell'epoca di Lutero
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Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Indoeuropea (germanica, occidentale, Frühneuhochdeutsch / alto tedesco protomoderno)
| Significato | Tedesco dell'epoca di Lutero | Tedesco standard svizzero | Tedesco austriaco | Tedesco | Tedesco lussemburghese | Francone orientale | Tedesco di Pennsylvania |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | Wasser /ˈvasːər/ | Wasser /ˈvasər/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasːə/ | Wasser /vasər/ |
| Fuoco | Fewr /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /fɔɪɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Feier /faɪɐ/ | Feier /faɪər/ |
| Sole | Sonne /ˈzɔnə/ | Sonne /ˈsɔnə/ | Sonne /sɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sunn /sʊn/ |
| Luna | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Maa /maː/ | Muun /muːn/ |
| Stella | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Schtann /ʃtan/ |
| Notte | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ |
| Pioggia | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈreːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | — | Regge /ˈrɛɡə/ |
| Neve | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ |
| Vento | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnd/ | Wind /vɪnt/ |
| Terra | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erd /ɛɐd/ | Erd /ɛrt/ |
| Pietra | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | — | Schtee /ʃteː/ |
| Montagna | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛɐk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | — | Barig /ˈbarɪç/ |
| Mare | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | — | See /seː/ |
| Madre | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mudder /mʊdɐ/ | Mudder /mʊdər/ |
| Padre | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /ˈfaːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vadder /fadɐ/ | Daadi /daːdi/ |
| Figlia | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /tɔxtɐ/ | Dochder /dɔxdɐ/ | Dochder /dɔxdər/ |
| Io | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | i /i/ | ich /ɪç/ |
| Tu | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /du/ | du /du/ |
| Noi | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːɐ/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | mir /miɐ/ | mir /miːɐ̯/ |
| Nome | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Nama /ˈnamɐ/ | Naame /ˈnɔːmə/ |
| Persona | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | — | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ |
| Testa | Heubt /hɔɪ̯pt/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | — | Kopp /kɔp/ |
| Occhio | Aug /aʊk/ | Auge /ˈaʊɡə/ | Auge /ˈaʊ̯ɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Aach /aːx/ | Aag /ɔːk/ |
| Orecchio | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ/ | Ohr /oːr/ |
| Naso | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | — | Naas /nɔːs/ |
| Bocca | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | — | Maul /maʊl/ |
| Dente | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zah /tsaː/ | Zaah /tsɔː/ |
| Lingua | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ |
| Mano | Handt /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hɑnt/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hand/ | Hand /hant/ |
| Piede | Fus /fuːs/ | Fuss /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuuss /fuːs/ |
| Cuore | Hertz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛɐts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Hatz /hats/ |
| Osso | Bein /baɪn/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knocha /ˈknɔxɐ/ | Gnoche /ˈɡnoxə/ |
| Sangue | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːd/ | Blut /blut/ |
| Cacca | Dreck /drɛk/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | — | — /—/ |
| Amore | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | liewe /liːvə/ |
| Albero | Bawm /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Bauma /baʊmaː/ | Baam /ˈbɔːm/ |
| Cane | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ |
| Gatto | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /kɑtsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katz /kats/ | Katz /kats/ |
| Pesce | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ |
| Uccello | Vogel /ˈfoːɡəl/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Voggel /fɔɡəl/ |
| Farfalla | Pfeifholter /ˈpfaɪfhɔltər/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtərlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ʃmɛdɐliŋ/ | Fleddermaus /ˈflɛdərmaʊs/ |
| Uovo | Ey /aɪ̯/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | — | Oi /ɔɪ/ |
| Orso | Bär /bɛːr/ | Bär /bɛːr/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ | — | Baer /bɛːr/ |
| Cavallo | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | — | Gaul /ɡaʊ̯l/ |
| Casa | Hauß /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ |
| Latte | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | — | Millich /ˈmɪlɪç/ |
| Miele | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | — | Hunnich /ˈhʊnɪç/ |
| Sale | Saltz /zalts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /zalts/ | Salz /zalts/ | — | Salz /salts/ |
| Vino | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | — | Wei /vaɪ/ |
| Riso | Reis /raɪs/ | Reis /raɪs/ | Reis /raɪ̯s/ | Reis /ʁaɪs/ | Reis /ʁaɪs/ | — | Reis /raɪs/ |
| Ferro | Eisen /ˈaɪzən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisn /ˈaɪsn̩/ | Eise /ˈaɪsə/ |
| Ruota | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | — | Raad /rɔːt/ |
| Seta | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈsaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈsaɪ̯də/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | — | — /—/ |
| Libro | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | — | Buch /bux/ |
| Mangiare | essen /ˈɛsːən/ | essen /ˈɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | esse /ɛsə/ | esse /ɛsə/ |
| Bere | trincken /ˈtrɪŋkən/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trinke /trɪŋkə/ | drinke /drɪŋkə/ |
| Dormire | schlaffen /ˈʃlafən/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafe /ʃlaːfə/ | schlofe /ˈʃlɔfə/ |
| Uno | eyn /aɪ̯n/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | ans /ans/ | eens /eːns/ |
| Due | zwey /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ̯/ | zwei /tsvai/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwaa /tsvaː/ | zwee /tsveː/ |
| Tre | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ/ |
| Quattro | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiɐ/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ |
| Cinque | fünff /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fimf /fɪmf/ |
| Cento | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | — | hunnert /ˈhʊnərt/ |
| Ciao | Gott zum Gruß /ɡɔt tsʊm ɡruːs/ | Hallo /haˈloː/ | Servus /zɛɐvʊs/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Grüß Gott /ɡrʏs ɡɔt/ | Hallo /haloː/ |
| Grazie | Danck /daŋk/ | danke /ˈdaŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | Vergelt's Gott /fɛɐɡɛlts ɡɔt/ | Denki /dɛŋki/ |
| Buono | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | guad /ɡuə̯d/ | gut /ɡuːt/ |
| Nuovo | new /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | — | nei /naɪ/ |
| Rosso | rot /roːt/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rood /roːd/ | rot /rot/ |
| Bianco | weis /vaɪ̯s/ | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiss /vaɪs/ |
| Nero | schwartz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | — | schwatz /ʃvats/ |
| Verde | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | — | grie /ɡriː/ |
| Blu | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blaʊ̯/ | blau /blaʊ̯/ | — | bloh /bloː/ |
| Cuculo | gukuk /ˈɡʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Gutzgauch /ˈɡʊtsɡaʊx/ | — |
| Computer | Rechenmeister /ˈrɛçənˌmaɪstər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːdɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ |
| Sushi | Stockfisch /ˈʃtɔkfɪʃ/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | Sushi /ˈzuːʃi/ | Sushi /ˈzuːʃi/ | Sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | — |
| Zucchero | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | — | Zucker /tsʊkər/ |
| Arancia | Pomeranze /pɔməˈrantsə/ | Orange /oˈraŋʒə/ | Orange /oˈraːnʒə/ | Orange /oˈʁãːʒə/ | Orange /oˈʁãːʒə/ | — | Arrentsch /ˈarəntʃ/ |
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