Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch
Tedesco di Pennsylvania
indoeuropeo (Germanica, occidentale, tedesco)
Il tedesco della Pennsylvania (Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch) discende dai dialetti tedeschi del Palatinato portati nella Pennsylvania coloniale nel XVIII secolo, oggi mantenuto dalle comunità Amish e Mennonite dell'Old Order. La vivace trasmissione della lingua madre (L1) all'interno di queste comunità fa sì che la lingua sia *in crescita*, non in declino; l'intenso contatto con l'inglese ha introdotto prestiti, ma il nucleo grammaticale del dialetto alto-tedesco resta intatto.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in tedesco di Pennsylvania
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: indoeuropeo (Germanica, occidentale, tedesco)
| Significato | Tedesco di Pennsylvania | Francone orientale | Tedesco standard svizzero | Svevo | Tedesco dell'epoca di Lutero | Tedesco lussemburghese | Tedesco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | Wasser /vasər/ | Wasser /vasːə/ | Wasser /ˈvasər/ | Wasser /vasə/ | Wasser /ˈvasːər/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ |
| Fuoco | Feier /faɪər/ | Feier /faɪɐ/ | Feuer /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /foiɐ/ | Fewr /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ |
| Sole | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sonne /ˈsɔnə/ | Sonne /sonə/ | Sonne /ˈzɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ |
| Luna | Muun /muːn/ | Maa /maː/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnd/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ |
| Stella | Schtann /ʃtan/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Schtern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ |
| Notte | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ |
| Pioggia | Regge /ˈrɛɡə/ | — | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Rega /ˈreːɡə/ | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ |
| Neve | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ |
| Vento | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnd/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnd/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ |
| Terra | Erd /ɛrt/ | Erd /ɛɐd/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erd /eːɐ̯d/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ |
| Pietra | Schtee /ʃteː/ | — | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stoi /ʃtoi/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ |
| Montagna | Barig /ˈbarɪç/ | — | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛrɡ/ | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ |
| Mare | See /seː/ | — | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ |
| Madre | Mudder /mʊdər/ | Mudder /mʊdɐ/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mädder /mɛdɐ/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ |
| Padre | Daadi /daːdi/ | Vadder /fadɐ/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vadder /fadɐ/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ |
| Figlia | Dochder /dɔxdər/ | Dochder /dɔxdɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Dochder /ˈdɔxdɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /tɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ |
| Io | ich /ɪç/ | i /i/ | ich /ɪç/ | i /i/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ |
| Tu | du /du/ | du /du/ | du /duː/ | du /du/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ |
| Noi | mir /miːɐ̯/ | mir /miɐ/ | wir /viːr/ | mir /miɐ/ | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ |
| Nome | Naame /ˈnɔːmə/ | Nama /ˈnamɐ/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Nama /ˈnamə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ |
| Persona | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | — | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ |
| Testa | Kopp /kɔp/ | — | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Heubt /hɔɪ̯pt/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ |
| Occhio | Aag /ɔːk/ | Aach /aːx/ | Auge /ˈaʊɡə/ | Aug /aʊɡ/ | Aug /aʊk/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ |
| Orecchio | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːɐ/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ |
| Naso | Naas /nɔːs/ | — | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nas /nas/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ |
| Bocca | Maul /maʊl/ | — | Mund /mʊnt/ | Gosch /ɡɔʃ/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ |
| Dente | Zaah /tsɔː/ | Zah /tsaː/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zah /tsaː/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ |
| Lingua | Zung /tsuŋ/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zong /tsoŋ/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ |
| Mano | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hand/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hand/ | Handt /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ |
| Piede | Fuuss /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuss /fuːs/ | Fuaß /fuas/ | Fus /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ |
| Cuore | Hatz /hats/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛɐts/ | Hertz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ |
| Osso | Gnoche /ˈɡnoxə/ | Knocha /ˈknɔxɐ/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knoche /ˈknoxə/ | Bein /baɪn/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ |
| Sangue | Blut /blut/ | Blut /bluːd/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Bluat /bluat/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ |
| Cacca | — /—/ | — | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Schdingr /ˈʃdɪŋɐ/ | Dreck /drɛk/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ |
| Amore | liewe /liːvə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liab /liə̯b/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ |
| Albero | Baam /ˈbɔːm/ | Bauma /baʊmaː/ | Baum /baʊm/ | Baum /baum/ | Bawm /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ |
| Cane | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hond /hond/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ |
| Gatto | Katz /kats/ | Katz /kats/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katz /kats/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katze /katsə/ |
| Pesce | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ |
| Uccello | Voggel /fɔɡəl/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /foːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡəl/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ |
| Farfalla | Fleddermaus /ˈflɛdərmaʊs/ | Schmetterling /ʃmɛdɐliŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtərlɪŋ/ | Schmeddrleng /ˈʃmɛdɐlɛŋ/ | Pfeifholter /ˈpfaɪfhɔltər/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ |
| Uovo | Oi /ɔɪ/ | — | Ei /aɪ/ | Oi /ɔɪ/ | Ey /aɪ̯/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ |
| Orso | Baer /bɛːr/ | — | Bär /bɛːr/ | Bèèar /bɛːɐ/ | Bär /bɛːr/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ |
| Cavallo | Gaul /ɡaʊ̯l/ | — | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Gaul /ɡaul/ | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ |
| Casa | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Hous /haus/ | Hauß /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ |
| Latte | Millich /ˈmɪlɪç/ | — | Milch /mɪlç/ | Millich /ˈmɪlɪç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ |
| Miele | Hunnich /ˈhʊnɪç/ | — | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪɡ/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ |
| Sale | Salz /salts/ | — | Salz /salts/ | Salz /salts/ | Saltz /zalts/ | Salz /zalts/ | Salz /zalts/ |
| Vino | Wei /vaɪ/ | — | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Woi /voɪ̯/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ |
| Riso | Reis /raɪs/ | — | Reis /raɪs/ | — | Reis /raɪs/ | Reis /ʁaɪs/ | Reis /ʁaɪs/ |
| Ferro | Eise /ˈaɪsə/ | Eisn /ˈaɪsn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsən/ | Eisa /ˈaɪsa/ | Eisen /ˈaɪzən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ |
| Ruota | Raad /rɔːt/ | — | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /rad/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ |
| Seta | — /—/ | — | Seide /ˈsaɪdə/ | — | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ |
| Libro | Buch /bux/ | — | Buch /buːx/ | Buach /buax/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ |
| Mangiare | esse /ɛsə/ | esse /ɛsə/ | essen /ˈɛsn̩/ | essa /ɛsə/ | essen /ˈɛsːən/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ |
| Bere | drinke /drɪŋkə/ | trinke /trɪŋkə/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | drengga /drɛŋɡə/ | trincken /ˈtrɪŋkən/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ |
| Dormire | schlofe /ˈʃlɔfə/ | schlafe /ʃlaːfə/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlofa /ˈʃlofa/ | schlaffen /ˈʃlafən/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ |
| Uno | eens /eːns/ | ans /ans/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | oine /ɔinə/ | eyn /aɪ̯n/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ |
| Due | zwee /tsveː/ | zwaa /tsvaː/ | zwei /tsvaɪ̯/ | zwoi /tsvoɪ̯/ | zwey /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ |
| Tre | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ |
| Quattro | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiɐ/ | vier /fiːr/ | viar /fiɐ̯/ | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ |
| Cinque | fimf /fɪmf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | femf /fɛmf/ | fünff /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ |
| Cento | hunnert /ˈhʊnərt/ | — | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hondrd /ˈhondɐd/ | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ |
| Ciao | Hallo /haloː/ | Grüß Gott /ɡrʏs ɡɔt/ | Hallo /haˈloː/ | Grüß Gott /ɡryːs ɡɔt/ | Gott zum Gruß /ɡɔt tsʊm ɡruːs/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Hallo /haloː/ |
| Grazie | Denki /dɛŋki/ | Vergelt's Gott /fɛɐɡɛlts ɡɔt/ | danke /ˈdaŋkə/ | Danggschee /daŋkʃeː/ | Danck /daŋk/ | danke /daŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ |
| Buono | gut /ɡuːt/ | guad /ɡuə̯d/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | guad /ɡuə̯d/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ |
| Nuovo | nei /naɪ/ | — | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | nei /naɪ/ | new /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ |
| Rosso | rot /rot/ | rood /roːd/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /rod/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ |
| Bianco | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weis /vaɪ̯s/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ |
| Nero | schwatz /ʃvats/ | — | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwartz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ |
| Verde | grie /ɡriː/ | — | grün /ɡryːn/ | grea /ɡreə̯/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ |
| Blu | bloh /bloː/ | — | blau /blaʊ/ | — | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blaʊ̯/ | blau /blaʊ̯/ |
| Computer | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːdɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | — | Rechenmeister /ˈrɛçənˌmaɪstər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ |
| Tè | Tee /teː/ | — | Tee /teː/ | — | — | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ |
| Caffè | Kaffi /ˈkafi/ | — | Kaffee /ˈkafe/ | — | — | Kaffee /ˈkafe/ | Kaffee /ˈkafeː/ |
| Zucchero | Zucker /tsʊkər/ | — | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ | — | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ |
| Arancia | Arrentsch /ˈarəntʃ/ | — | Orange /oˈraŋʒə/ | — | Pomeranze /pɔməˈrantsə/ | Orange /oˈʁãːʒə/ | Orange /oˈʁãːʒə/ |
| 99 | nein un neinzich /naɪn ʊn naɪntsɪç/ | — | neunundneunzig /ˈnɔɪ̯nʊntˌnɔɪ̯ntsɪk/ | — | — | neunundneunzig /ˈnɔʏnʊntˌnɔʏntsɪç/ | neunundneunzig /ˈnɔʏnʊntˌnɔʏntsɪç/ |
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