Diné bizaad
Navajo
na-dené (Athabaskan, meridionale)
Noto anche come: Navajo, Diné, Dine
Il navajo (Diné Bizaad) è una lingua athabaska meridionale parlata nella Navajo Nation in Arizona, Nuovo Messico e Utah e dalle comunità diné altrove. È una delle lingue indigene più parlate negli Stati Uniti, ma la trasmissione intergenerazionale è diminuita, promuovendo scuole d’immersione, programmi familiari, formazione degli insegnanti e altre attività di rivitalizzazione. Nel dicembre 2024 la Navajo Nation ha designato Diné Bizaad sua lingua ufficiale, seguita da un ordine esecutivo del 2025 per l’attuazione nel governo. L’ortografia a base latina indica lunghezza e nasalizzazione vocalica, tono alto e occlusiva glottale; la lingua ha anche tono basso, consonanti aspirate ed eiettive e una morfologia verbale molto complessa. Durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, Marines navajo svilupparono un codice militare specializzato basato sulla lingua per le comunicazioni nel Pacifico; il navajo stesso non era semplicemente un codice.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in navajo
chocolate
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: na-dené (Athabaskan, meridionale)
| Significato | Navajo | Apache occidentale | Hupa | Arapaho | Koyukon | Kiowa | Chipewyan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | tó /tʰó/ | tú /tú/ | taʼna:n /taʔnaːn/ | nec /netʃ/ | too /toː/ | thǫ́ /tʰṍ/ | tu /tu/ |
| Fuoco | kǫʼ /kʰõ̀ʔ/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | xongʼ /xoŋʔ/ | hisítee /hisíteː/ | kkunʼ /kːunʔ/ | phí: /pʰíː/ | kón /kón/ |
| Sole | jóhonaaʼéí /tʃóhònàːʔéí/ | yaʼáí /jaʔáí/ | wha /hʷa/ | hiisíis /hiːsíis/ | so /so/ | pái /pái/ | sa /sa/ |
| Luna | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhònɑ̀ːʔéí/ | tłʼéʼgonaʼáí /tɬʼéʔɡonaʔáí/ | hwa-ʼangʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | biikóusíis /biːkóusíis/ | dołtʼolee /doɬtʼoliː/ | pʼɔ́: /pʼɔ́ː/ | ɂełdzi /ʔeɬdzi/ |
| Stella | sǫʼ /sõ̀ʔ/ | tsʼiłsǫǫsé /tsʼiɬsõːsé/ | tsingʼ /tsiŋʔ/ | hó3oʼ /hóθoʔ/ | tłoonʼ /tɬoːnʔ/ | tą́: /tã́ː/ | tthë́n /tθén/ |
| Notte | tłʼééʼ /tɬʼéːʔ/ | tłʼéʼ /tɬʼéʔ/ | xiłeʼ /xiɬeʔ/ | téceʼ /tétʃeʔ/ | łida /ɬida/ | gį́dè:gyà /ɡĩ́dèːɡjà/ | tëdhe /teðe/ |
| Pioggia | níłtsą́ /níɬtsã́/ | — | — | hoosóo /hoːsóː/ | konh /konh/ | sép /sép/ | chą /tʃã/ |
| Neve | yas /jɑ̀s/ | zas /zas/ | nundil /nʊndɪl/ | híií /híːi/ | tseetl /tsʰiːtɬʰ/ | tʼól /tʼól/ | yath /jaθ/ |
| Vento | níyol /níjol/ | níłchʼi /níɬtʃʼi/ | — | heséisen /heséisen/ | — | gómgyá /ɡómɡjá/ | nįłtsʼi /nĩɬtsʼi/ |
| Terra | łeezh /ɬeːʒ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | ninʼ /nɪnʔ/ | biitoʼowuʼ /biːtoʔowuʔ/ | ninʼ /ninʔ/ | dɔ́m /dɔ́m/ | ní /ní/ |
| Pietra | tsé /tsʰé/ | tsé /tsé/ | — | hohʼonóókee /hohʔonóːkeː/ | laʼona /laʔona/ | — | tthe /tθe/ |
| Montagna | dził /tsìɬ/ | dził /dziɬ/ | — | hóheʼ /hóheʔ/ | — | kʼóp /kʼóp/ | ttheshéth /tθeʃéθ/ |
| Mare | tónteel /tʰóntʰèːl/ | túnteel /túnteːl/ | — | héetéc /héːtétʃ/ | — | — | tucho /tutʃo/ |
| Madre | shimá /ʃimá/ | shimaa /ʃimaː/ | -anʼ /-anʔ/ | néinoo /néinoː/ | eenaa /iːnaː/ | tsɔ́: /tsɔ́ː/ | ɂené /ʔené/ |
| Padre | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéʔé/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | -taʼ /-taʔ/ | neisónoo /neisónoː/ | eetaa /iːtaː/ | tɔ́l /tɔ́l/ | setá /setá/ |
| Figlia | shichʼéʼé /ʃitʃʼéʔé/ | shitsiʼ /ʃitsiʔ/ | -tse:ʼ /-tseːʔ/ | notóóneh /notóːneh/ | — | — | seyaz tsʼékui /sejaz tsʼékui/ |
| Io | shí /ʃí/ | shíí /ʃíː/ | whe /hʷe/ | nenééninoo /nenéːninoː/ | see /siː/ | nɔ́ /nɔ́/ | si /si/ |
| Tu | ni /ni/ | ni /ni/ | ning /nɪŋ/ | nenéénin /nenéːnin/ | ninh /ninh/ | ám /ám/ | nën /nen/ |
| Noi | nihí /nihí/ | nohwí /nohwí/ | nehe /nehe/ | nenéénínoʼ / nenééníniʼ /nenéːnínoʔ / nenéːníniʔ/ | — /—/ | nɔ́ /nɔ́/ | nuhni /nuhni/ |
| Nome | ázhiʼ /ʔáʒìʔ/ | -zhiʼ /ʒiʔ/ | -ooziʼ /oːzɪʔ/ | -íisiʼ /íːsiʔ/ | oos /oːs/ | khɔ̨́:gyà /kʰɔ̃́ːɡjà/ | bįzį́ /bĩzĩ́/ |
| Persona | diné /tìné/ | nnee /nːeː/ | kʼiwinyaʼa:n /kʲʼiwinjaʔaːn/ | hinenítee /hineníteː/ | dinaa /dinaː/ | — | dëne /dene/ |
| Testa | atsiitsʼiin /atsiːtsʼiːn/ | bitsitsʼin /bitsitsʼin/ | — | hóókuhúʼee /hóːkuhúʔeː/ | -tłeeʼ /tɬiːʔ/ | — | dënetthí /denetθí/ |
| Occhio | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | bináá /bináː/ | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | besíiseʼ /besíiseʔ/ | -noghaʼ /noɣaʔ/ | tá:dè /táːdè/ | dënenaghé /denenaʁé/ |
| Orecchio | jaaʼ /tʃaːʔ/ | shijaaʼ /ʃidʒaːʔ/ | -chiwʼ /-tʃiwʔ/ | wónotónoʼ /wónotónoʔ/ | — | tʼɔ́:dé /tʼɔ́ːdé/ | dënedzaghé /denedzaʁé/ |
| Naso | áchįįh /átʃĩːh/ | bichį́h /bitʃĩ́h/ | — | béʼis /béʔis/ | — | mɔ̀:kʼɔ̀n /mɔ̀ːkʼɔ̀n/ | dënetsį /denetsĩ/ |
| Bocca | azééʼ /àzéːʔ/ | bizéʼ /bizéʔ/ | -daʼ /-daʔ/ | bétii /bétiː/ | — | — | dënedhá /deneðá/ |
| Dente | awooʼ /awoːʔ/ | ghoʼ /ɣoʔ/ | -woʼ /-woʔ/ | béíci3 /béítʃiθ/ | aghoʼ /aɣoʔ/ | zǫ́: /zṍː/ | dëneghú /deneʁú/ |
| Lingua | atsooʼ /atsoːʔ/ | bizaad /bizaːd/ | sastan /sastan/ | bei3ón /beiθón/ | łolaʼ /ɬolaʔ/ | dén /dén/ | dënetthú /denetθú/ |
| Mano | álaʼ /ʔálaʔ/ | bigan /biɡan/ | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | béecét /béetʃét/ | -loʼ /loʔ/ | mɔ́n /mɔ́n/ | ela /ela/ |
| Piede | akeeʼ /ʔàkʰèːʔ/ | shikee /ʃikeː/ | -xeʼ /-xeʔ/ | wóʼoo3 /wóʔoːθ/ | -kkaaʼ /kːaːʔ/ | ɔ̀nsôi /ɔ̀nsôi/ | eke /eke/ |
| Cuore | ajéí /ʔɑ̀tʃéí/ | bijíí /bidʒíː/ | -ping /-piŋ/ | betéé /betéː/ | -dzaayaʼ /tsaːjaʔ/ | thén /tʰén/ | dënedzié /denedzié/ |
| Osso | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | tsʼin /tsʼin/ | -tsʼinʼ /-tsʼinʔ/ | hix /hix/ | tlʼinh /tɬʼinh/ | thêm /tʰêm/ | tthʼën /tθʼen/ |
| Sangue | dił /tìɬ/ | dił /diɬ/ | tse:lin /tseːlin/ | beʼ /beʔ/ | lakkona /lakːona/ | ôm /ôm/ | del /del/ |
| Cacca | chąąʼ /tʃãːʔ/ | bichan /bitʃan/ | chwungʼ /tʃʷuŋʔ/ | bee /beː/ | — | — | tsą́ /tsã́/ |
| Amore | ayóóʼánóshní /ɑjóːʔɑ́nóʃníː/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajóiɣóʔíː/ | na-wh-ʼishtʼeʼn /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | bixóó3etíit /bixóːθetíːt/ | kʼoonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | — /—/ | yeghąnétą /jeʁãnétã/ |
| Albero | tsin /tsin/ | chʼil /tʃʼil/ | kin /kɪn/ | hohóót /hohóːt/ | kʼeyh /kʼejh/ | á:dɔ̀ /áːdɔ̀/ | dechen /detʃen/ |
| Cane | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃãːʔí/ | góshé /ɡóʃé/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | hé3 /héθ/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | tségùn /tséɡùn/ | łį /ɬĩ/ |
| Gatto | mósí /mósí/ | gídí /ɡídí/ | — /—/ | woʼóoo /woʔóoo/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | báò: /báòː/ | mįnus /mĩnus/ |
| Pesce | łóóʼ /ɬóːʔ/ | łóg /ɬóɡ/ | ło:qʼ /ɬoːqʼ/ | nowoʼ /nowoʔ/ | tookkʼa /toːkʼa/ | ɔ́:pį́ /ɔ́ːpĩ́/ | łue /ɬue/ |
| Uccello | tsídii /tsʰítìː/ | dlǫ́ʼ /dlṍʔ/ | — | niiʼéíhii /niːʔéíhiː/ | — | tʼę̀:né /tʼẽ̀ːné/ | įyese /ĩjese/ |
| Farfalla | kʼaalógii /kʼɑ̀ːlókìː/ | doolé /doːlé/ | — | níhʼootéibéíhii /níhʔoːtéibéíhiː/ | — | — | yágoli /jáɡoli/ |
| Uovo | ayęęzhii /ajẽːʒiː/ | iyęęzh /ijẽːʒ/ | — | noon /noːn/ | — | tʼą́y /tʼã́j/ | eghézé /eʁézé/ |
| Orso | shash /ʃaʃ/ | shash /ʃaʃ/ | sa:tsʼ /saːtsʼ/ | wox /wox/ | sis /sis/ | ɔ̀nhá:dè /ɔ̀nháːdè/ | sas /sas/ |
| Cavallo | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩ́ːʔ/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | łingʼ /ɬiŋʔ/ | wóxhóox /wóxhóːx/ | — | — | łįchok /ɬĩtʃok/ |
| Casa | hooghan /hoːɣɑn/ | kįh /kĩh/ | xontah /xontɑh/ | hoʼóowuʼ /hoʔóowuʔ/ | yah /jah/ | tó: /tóː/ | kuę /kuɛ̃/ |
| Latte | abeʼ /àpèʔ/ | ibeʼ /ibeʔ/ | — | be3énec /beθénetʃ/ | tlʼoo /tɬʼoː/ | — | ejeretthʼúe /edʒeretθʼúe/ |
| Miele | tsísʼná bitłʼizh /tsʰísʔnɑ́ pìtɬʼìʒ/ | gosnih /ɡosnih/ | — | koohóʼokuukóúhuyooʼ /koːhóʔokuːkóúhujoːʔ/ | — | — | tłʼistthó ni /tɬʼistθó ni/ |
| Sale | áshįįh /ʔáʃĩːh/ | ishįįh /ʔiʃĩːh/ | łehqʼonchʼ /ɬehqʼontʃʼ/ | niicooʼowuʼ /niːtʃoːʔowuʔ/ | sol /sol/ | — | dedhay /deðaj/ |
| Vino | wáán /wɑ́ːn/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Riso | alóós /alóːs/ | — | — | hiʼíisóó /hiʔíisóː/ | — | — | tłʼolágaze /tɬʼoláɡaze/ |
| Cioccolato | chocolate | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ferro | béésh /péːʃ/ | bésh /béʃ/ | — | béiʼcí3eʼ /béiʔtʃíθeʔ/ | — | — | — |
| Ruota | bąąs /pãːs/ | — | — | hotíí /hotíː/ | — | — | dechën bąth /detʃen bãθ/ |
| Libro | naaltsoos /nɑːltsoːs/ | nałtsoos /naɬtsoːs/ | — | wo3onohóe /woθonohóe/ | — | — | ɂerehtłʼís /ʔerehtɬʼís/ |
| Mangiare | yishą́ /jiʃã́/ | yiyąą /jijãː/ | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | bii3íhi /biːθíhi/ | kʼahonh /kʼahonh/ | pɔ́ttɔ̀ /pɔ́ttɔ̀/ | shétį /ʃétĩ/ |
| Bere | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́/ | yidlą /jidlã/ | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | bénee /bénéː/ | kʼisinoonh /kʼisinoːnh/ | thónmɔ̀ /tʰónmɔ̀/ | hedą /hedã/ |
| Dormire | ałhosh /aɬhoʃ/ | iłhosh /iɬhoʃ/ | — | nókohú /nókohú/ | — | — | thetį /θetĩ/ |
| Uno | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ʔí/ | dáłaʼá /dáɬaʔá/ | łaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | ceeséeʼ /tʃeːséːʔ/ | kʼeetakkʼee /kʼiːtakʼiː/ | pá: /páː/ | įłaghe /ĩɬaʁe/ |
| Due | naaki /nɑːki/ | naki /naki/ | nahx /nahx/ | niis /niːs/ | niteekkʼee /nitiːkʼiː/ | yí: /jíː/ | nake /nake/ |
| Tre | tááʼ /tʰáːʔ/ | táági /táːɡi/ | ta:qʼ /taːqʼ/ | nééso /néːso/ | tokkʼee /tokʼiː/ | phą́:ò /pʰã́ːò/ | taghe /taʁe/ |
| Quattro | dį́įʼ /tĩ́ːʔ/ | dįįʼ /dĩːʔ/ | dinkʼ /dinkʼ/ | yein /jein/ | — | yí:kyá /jíːkjá/ | dįghį /dĩʁĩ/ |
| Cinque | ashdlaʼ /aʃtɬaʔ/ | ashdlaʼ /aʃdlaʔ/ | chwolaʼ /tʃʷolaʔ/ | yoo3on /joːθon/ | — | ɔ́ntʼɔ̀ /ɔ́ntʼɔ̀/ | sųlaghe /sũlaʁe/ |
| Cento | neeznádiin /neːznáːtiːn/ | gonenadín /ɡonenadín/ | łaʼ-dikin /ɬaʔdikʲin/ | béteetósooʼ /béteːtósoːʔ/ | — | — | łónona /ɬónona/ |
| Ciao | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | dagotʼee /daɡotʼeː/ | tsʼehdiyaʼ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | héébe /héːbe/ | — /—/ | wé: /wéː/ | edlanetʼe /edlanetʼe/ |
| Grazie | ahéheeʼ /ʔɑ̀héhèːʔ/ | ahíyiʼé /ʔahíjiʔé/ | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | hohóu /hohóu/ | baaseeʼ /baːseːʔ/ | àhô /àhô/ | mąsi chok /mãsi tʃok/ |
| Buono | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | niwhong /nɪwhoŋ/ | hi3éíhi /hiθéíhi/ | nizoonh /nizoːnh/ | tʼá:gyà /tʼáːɡjà/ | nezų /nezũ/ |
| Nuovo | ániid /ániːt/ | áníidé /áníːdé/ | — | wooyóó /woːjóː/ | — | — | degóth /deɡóθ/ |
| Rosso | łichííʼ /ɬitʃʰíːʔ/ | łichíí /ɬitʃíː/ | łitsʼ /ɬitsʼ/ | beeʼee /beːʔeː/ | nełtseeyh /neɬtseːjh/ | gúl /ɡúl/ | delkʼoz /delkʼoz/ |
| Bianco | łigai /ɬìkɑ̀ì/ | łigai /ɬiɡai/ | łiqay /ɬɪqɑj/ | noocóó /noːtʃóː/ | — | — | delgai /delɡai/ |
| Nero | łizhin /ɬìʒìn/ | diłhił /diɬhiɬ/ | — | woʼóteeyóó /woʔóteːjóː/ | — | — | delzen /delzen/ |
| Verde | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | łitsow /ɬitsow/ | cenéeteeyóó /tʃenéːteːjóː/ | — | — | dzeretłʼes látʼį /dzeretɬʼes látʼĩ/ |
| Blu | dootłʼizh /tòːtɬʼìʒ/ | dotłʼizh /dotɬʼiʒ/ | — | cenéeteeyóó /tʃenéːteːjóː/ | — | — | déhtłʼéz /déhtɬʼéz/ |
| Cuculo | — /—/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Computer | béésh nitsékeesí /péːʃ nìtsékèːsí/ | bésh eʼléhí /béʃ eʔléhí/ | — | — | — | — | satsán bení hųlį /satsán bení hũlĩ/ |
| Tè | dééh /téːh/ | — | — | biiciixo /biːtʃiːxo/ | — | — | lidí /lidí/ |
| Caffè | gohwééh /kohʷéːh/ | tudiłhiłi /tudiɬhiɬi/ | — | wooʼteenoowuʼ /woːʔteːnoːwuʔ/ | — | — | líkafí /líkafí/ |
| Zucchero | áshįįh łikan /ʔáʃĩːh ɬikɑn/ | — | — | niisiscooʼ /niːsistʃoːʔ/ | — | — | súgah /súɡah/ |
| Arancia | chʼil łitsxooí /tʃʼil ɬitsʰxoːí/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 99 | náhástʼédiindóó baʼaan náhástʼéí /náhástʼétiːntóː paʔaːn náhástʼéí/ | ngostʼádin ngostʼáí /ŋɡostʼádin ŋɡostʼáí/ | — | — | — | — | — |
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