Tetun
Tetum
Austronesisch (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
Tetum (Tetun; ISO 639-3: tet) ist eine austronesische Sprache und gemäß der Verfassung von Timor-Leste aus dem Jahr 2002 neben Portugiesisch eine der beiden Amtssprachen des Landes. Tetun Dili, auch Tetun Prasa genannt, ist die wichtigste landesweite Verkehrssprache und Grundlage des amtlichen Tetum; jahrhundertelanger Kontakt hat ihm einen umfangreichen portugiesischen Wortschatz verliehen. Tetun Terik umfasst konservativere regionale Varietäten und bewahrt grammatische Merkmale, die im Tetun Dili reduziert wurden oder verloren gingen. Tetum hat im Allgemeinen die Reihenfolge Subjekt–Verb–Objekt und ist überwiegend analytisch, wobei viele grammatische Beziehungen durch Wortstellung, Partikeln und Funktionswörter statt durch umfangreiche Flexion ausgedrückt werden; die Pronomen unterscheiden inklusive und exklusive Formen der ersten Person Plural. Die Regierungsverordnung 1/2004 nahm die vom Nationalen Institut für Linguistik entwickelte, lateinisch basierte Standardorthografie des amtlichen Tetum zur Verwendung in Staatsverwaltung, Bildung und öffentlicher Kommunikation an.
Wo die Sprache gesprochen wird
Tetum: 87 Kernwörter
Quellen
- Hull, Geoffrey (2002) Standard Tetum-English Dictionary (row spelling: haʼu, diʼak, xá, kafé, obrigadu); Tetun Dili Bible (bible.com 4763, 3775); Wiktionary Tetum
Wörter im Vergleich
Verglichen mit verwandten Sprachen: Austronesisch (Central Malayo-Polynesian)
| Bedeutung | Tetum | Atoni | Altmalaiisch | Uraustronesisch | Banjar | Angkola-Batak | Altcham |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wasser | bee /beː/ | oe /oe/ | air /air/ | *daNum /daNum/ | banyu /baɲu/ | aek /aek/ | ie /ʔiə/ |
| Feuer | ahi /ahi/ | ai /ai/ | api /api/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ |
| Sonne | loron /loɾon/ | manas /manas/ | matari /matari/ | *waRi /waRi/ | matahari /matahari/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | huriy /hurij/ |
| Mond | fulan /fulan/ | fun /fun/ | bulan /bulan/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Stern | fitun /ˈfitun/ | kfu /kfuʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ |
| Nacht | kalan /kalan/ | fai /fai/ | malam /malam/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | malam /malam/ | borngin /borŋin/ | malam /malam/ |
| Regen | udan /ˈudan/ | ulan /ˈulan/ | — | *quzaN /quzaN/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | — |
| Schnee | neve /ˈnɛvɛ/ | — | — | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — |
| Wind | anin /ˈanin/ | anin /anin/ | — | *bali /bali/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | — |
| Erde | rai /ˈrai/ | afu /afu/ | — | *taneq /taneq/ | tanah /tanah/ | tano /tano/ | — |
| Stein | fatuk /ˈfatuk/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batau /batau/ |
| Berg | foho /foho/ | nuʼaf /nuʔaf/ | — | *bukij /bukij/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | — |
| Meer | tasi /tasi/ | tasi /tasi/ | — | *tenem /tenem/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | — |
| Mutter | inan /inan/ | ainaf /ainaf/ | ibu /ibu/ | *ina /ina/ | uma /uma/ | inang /inaŋ/ | inā /ina/ |
| Vater | aman /aman/ | amat /amat/ | bapa /bapa/ | *ama /ama/ | abah /abah/ | amang /amaŋ/ | amā /ama/ |
| Tochter | oan feto /oan feto/ | anfeto /anfeto/ | — | — | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | boru /boru/ | — |
| Ich | haʼu /haʔu/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ | *aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | ku /ku/ |
| Du | ó /ɔ/ | ho /ho/ | kamu /kamu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | ikam /ikam/ | ho /ho/ | hã /haː/ |
| Wir | ita / ami /ita / ami/ | hit / hai /hit / hai/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | — /—/ |
| Name | naran /ˈnaran/ | kanan /ˈkanan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | angan /aŋan/ |
| Mensch | ema /ema/ | atoni /atoni/ | — | *Cau /tsau/ | urang /uraŋ/ | halak /halak/ | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ |
| Kopf | ulun /ulun/ | nakaf /nakaf/ | — | *quluh /quluh/ | kapala /kapala/ | ulu /ulu/ | — |
| Auge | matan /matan/ | matan /matan/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | matā /mata/ |
| Ohr | tilun /tilun/ | luken /luken/ | — | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | — |
| Nase | inus /inus/ | pana /pana/ | — | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | idung /iduŋ/ |
| Mund | ibun /ˈibun/ | fefan /fefan/ | — | — | muntung /muntuŋ/ | baba /baba/ | — |
| Zahn | nehan /nehan/ | nisi /nisi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | *nipen /nipen/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | tagai /taɡaj/ |
| Zunge | nanaan /nanaːn/ | maaʼ /maːʔ/ | lidah /lidah/ | *Sema /Sema/ | ilat /ilat/ | dila /dila/ | dalah /dalah/ |
| Hand | liman /liman/ | ʼniman /ʔniman/ | tangan /taŋan/ | *lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | taŋin /taŋin/ |
| Fuß | ain /ain/ | haef /haef/ | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | batis /batis/ | pat /pat/ | takai /takai/ |
| Herz | fuan /fuan/ | nesa /nesa/ | hati /hati/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | ati /ati/ | roha /roha/ | hatai /hatai/ |
| Knochen | ruin /ruin/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | talang /talaŋ/ |
| Blut | raan /raːn/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | darah /darah/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | darah /darah/ | mudar /mudar/ | darah /darah/ |
| Kacke | teen /teːn/ | — | — | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | tahi /tahi/ | — | — |
| Liebe | domin /domin/ | nekat /nekat/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | — /—/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | holong /holoŋ/ | klɛn /klɛn/ |
| Baum | ai /ai/ | hau /hau/ | kayu /kaju/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | batang /bataŋ/ | hayu /haju/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ |
| Hund | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | *asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | asu /asu/ | asuv /asuw/ |
| Katze | busa /busa/ | meo /meo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | pusa /pusa/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | mɛw /mɛw/ |
| Fisch | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikaʼ /ikaʔ/ | ikan /ikan/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | ikan /ikan/ |
| Vogel | manu /manu/ | kolo /kolo/ | burung /buruŋ/ | *manuk /manuk/ | burung /buruŋ/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | cim /tʃim/ |
| Schmetterling | borboleta /borboleta/ | — | — | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | — | — |
| Ei | tolun /tolun/ | teko /teko/ | — | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | pira /pira/ | — |
| Bär | ursu /ˈursu/ | — | — | *Cumay /Cumay/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | — |
| Pferd | kuda /kuda/ | bikase /bikase/ | — | — | kuda /kuda/ | kudo /kudo/ | — |
| Haus | uma /uma/ | ume /ume/ | rumah /rumah/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | rumah /rumah/ | bagas /baɡas/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ |
| Milch | susubeen /susubeːn/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — |
| Honig | bani-been /bani-beːn/ | oni /oni/ | — | — | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | — |
| Salz | masin /ˈmasin/ | masiʼ /masiʔ/ | garam /ɡaram/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | uyah /ujah/ | sira /sira/ | — |
| Wein | tua-uvas /tua uvas/ | — | — | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | — |
| Reis | foos /foːs/ | — | — | *beRas /beRas/ | baras /baras/ | — | — |
| Schokolade | xoklate /ʃoklate/ | — | — | — | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | — |
| Eisen | besi /ˈbesi/ | besi /besi/ | — | *Namat /Namat/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | bosi /bosi/ | — |
| Rad | roda /roda/ | — | — | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | — |
| Seide | seda /seda/ | sutra /sutra/ | — | — | sutra /sutra/ | surto /surto/ | — |
| Buch | livru /livɾu/ | sulat /sulat/ | — | — | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | — |
| Essen | han /han/ | ah /ah/ | makan /makan/ | *kaen /kaen/ | makan /makan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | bɔh /bɔh/ |
| Trinken | hemu /hemu/ | ninu /ninu/ | minum /minum/ | *inum /inum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ |
| Schlafen | toba /ˈtoba/ | tup /tup/ | tidur /tidur/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | modom /modom/ | — |
| Eins | ida /ida/ | mese /mese/ | sa /sa/ | *isa /isa/ | asa /asa/ | sada /sada/ | sa /sa/ |
| Zwei | rua /ˈrua/ | nua /ˈnua/ | dua /dua/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ |
| Drei | tolu /tolu/ | tenu /tenu/ | tlu /tlu/ | *telu /telu/ | talu /talu/ | tolu /tolu/ | klau /klau/ |
| Vier | haat /haːt/ | ha /ha/ | mpat /əmpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | ampat /ampat/ | opat /opat/ | pāt /paːt/ |
| Fünf | lima /lima/ | nim /nim/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Hundert | atus /atus/ | natun /natun/ | ratus /ratus/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | — |
| Hallo | bondia /bondia/ | neut /neut/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | — /—/ |
| Danke | obrigadu /obɾiɡadu/ | neno biluk /neno biluk/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | — /—/ |
| Gut | diʼak /diʔak/ | malaek /malaek/ | baik /baik/ | — /—/ | bagus /baɡus/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | siam /siam/ |
| Neu | foun /foun/ | feʼu /feʔu/ | — | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | — |
| Rot | mean /mean/ | mtasaʼ /mtasaʔ/ | merah /merah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | habang /habaŋ/ | rara /rara/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ |
| Weiß | mutin /mutin/ | mutiʼ /mutiʔ/ | putih /putih/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | putih /putih/ | bontar /bontar/ | patih /patih/ |
| Schwarz | metan /metan/ | metan /metan/ | hitam /hitam/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | hitam /hitam/ |
| Grün | matak /matak/ | mateʼ /mateʔ/ | — | — | hijau /hidʒau/ | rata /rata/ | — |
| Blau | biru /biru/ | — | — | — | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | — |
| Computer | komputadór /komputaˈdoɾ/ | — | — | — | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | — |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /waifai/ | — | — | — | Wi-Fi | — | — |
| Tee | xá /ʃa/ | — | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | — |
| Kaffee | kafé /kaˈfɛ/ | — | — | — | kupi /kupi/ | — | — |
| Zucker | masin-midar /masin-midar/ | — | — | — | gula /ɡula/ | — | — |
| Orange | sabraka /sabraka/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 99 | sia-nulu resin sia /sia-nulu resin sia/ | boʼsio am sio /boʔsio am sio/ | — | — | sambilan puluh sambilan /sambilan puluh sambilan/ | sambilan pulu sambilan /sambilan pulu sambilan/ | — |
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