Early Moderne English
Inglese protomoderno
indoeuropeo (Germanica, occidentale, anglico) · varietà storica / nascosta
L'inglese protomoderno (c. 1500-1700) è la ricostruzione pedagogica dell'inglese del First Folio di Shakespeare (1623), della Bibbia di re Giacomo (1611), di Marlowe, Donne, Jonson e Milton. Si distingue dall'inglese medio (enm) per il Grande Spostamento Vocalico (in corso), la perdita della maggior parte delle flessioni, l'ordine fisso delle parole SVO e la standardizzazione seguita alla stampa di Caxton (1476). Le ricostruzioni della pronuncia seguono il lavoro di David Crystal sulla Pronuncia Originale (OP) usata dallo Shakespeare's Globe Theatre: /aː oː/ lunghe parzialmente spostate, /iː uː/ che diventano dittonghi, stato precedente alla scissione FOOT-STRUT ("sun" = /sʊn/), /r/ rotica in tutte le posizioni, /eː/ al posto della /iː/ moderna in "meat/sea". È la forma insegnata nelle aule di tutto il mondo per leggere Shakespeare e la KJV — distinta da qualsiasi singola parlata regionale del XVII secolo, che variava enormemente tra Londra, le Midlands e il West Country.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in inglese protomoderno
chocolate
bowgh-wawgh
tee
coffee
sugar
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: indoeuropeo (Germanica, occidentale, anglico)
| Significato | Inglese protomoderno | Geordie | Inglese dello Yorkshire | Inglese irlandese | Inglese scozzese | Scots | Inglese gallese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | water /ˈwætər/ | water /ˈwɔːtɐ/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɑːtəɹ/ | water /ˈwɔːtəɹ/ | watter /ˈwɑtəɹ/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ |
| Fuoco | fyre /fəir/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /fɑɪəɹ/ | fire /faɪɹ/ | fire /fəiɹ/ | fire /faɪə/ |
| Sole | sunne /sʊn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʊn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ |
| Luna | moone /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | muin /mɪn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| Stella | star /staːɹ/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /staɾ/ | starn /stɑrn/ | star /staː/ |
| Notte | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /nəɪt/ | nicht /nɪçt/ | night /naɪt/ |
| Pioggia | rain /reːn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɾeːn/ | rain /ren/ | rain /ren/ | rain /ɾeɪn/ |
| Neve | snow /snoː/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snow /snəʊ/ | snaw /snɑː/ | snow /snoʊ/ |
| Vento | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪn/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| Terra | earth /ɛːrθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːɹθ/ | earth /ɛɹθ/ | yird /jɪrd/ | earth /ɜːθ/ |
| Pietra | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stɔːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoʊn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stane /steːn/ | stone /stoːn/ |
| Montagna | mountaine /ˈməuntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmuːntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ | mountain /ˈmʌuntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmʌntən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ |
| Mare | sea /seː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ |
| Madre | mother /ˈmʊðər/ | mother /ˈmʊðɐ/ | mother /ˈmʊðə/ | mother /ˈmʊðəɹ/ | mother /ˈmʌðəɹ/ | mither /ˈmɪðəɹ/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ |
| Padre | father /ˈfɑːðər/ | father /ˈfaːðɐ/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðəɹ/ | father /ˈfaðəɹ/ | faither /ˈfeðəɹ/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ |
| Figlia | daughter /ˈdɔːtər/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtɐ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɒːtəɹ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtəɹ/ | dochter /ˈdɔxtəɹ/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ |
| Io | I /əi/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aː/ | I /ɑɪ/ | I /ʌi/ | A /ə/ | I /aɪ/ |
| Tu | thou /ðou/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | ye /ji/ | you /juː/ |
| Noi | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ |
| Nome | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /nem/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ |
| Persona | person /ˈpɛrsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːɹsən/ | person /ˈpɛɹsən/ | body /ˈbʌdi/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ |
| Testa | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | heid /hid/ | head /hɛd/ |
| Occhio | eye /əi/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /ɑɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | ee /iː/ | eye /aɪ/ |
| Orecchio | ear /eːr/ | ear /ɪə/ | ear /ɪɹ/ | ear /iːɹ/ | ear /ir/ | lug /lʌɡ/ | ear /iːə/ |
| Naso | nose /noːz/ | nose /niəz/ | nose /noʊz/ | nose /noːz/ | nose /noz/ | neb /nɛb/ | nose /noʊz/ |
| Bocca | mouth /muːθ/ | mouth /muːθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /mʌuθ/ | mooth /muθ/ | mouth /maʊθ/ |
| Dente | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tʊθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tuith /tʏθ/ | tooth /tuːθ/ |
| Lingua | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʊŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tung /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ |
| Mano | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | hand /and/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ | haund /hɑːnd/ | hand /hand/ |
| Piede | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | fit /fɪt/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| Cuore | heart /hɛrt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /hɑːɹt/ | heart /haɾt/ | hert /hɛɹt/ | heart /haːt/ |
| Osso | bone /boːn/ | bone /bɔːn/ | bone /boːn/ | bone /boʊn/ | bone /boːn/ | bane /beːn/ | bone /boːn/ |
| Sangue | blood /bluːd/ | blood /blʊd/ | blood /blʊd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | bluid /blʏd/ | blood /blʌd/ |
| Cacca | turd /tɜːrd/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ | keech /kiːtʃ/ | poo /puː/ |
| Amore | loue /lʊv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʊv/ | love /lʌv/ | luve /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ |
| Albero | tree /triː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /triː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| Cane | dogge /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dug /dʌɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| Gatto | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kat/ | cat /kʰat/ |
| Pesce | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| Uccello | bird /bɪrd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɝd/ | bird /bɪrd/ | bird /bɜːd/ |
| Farfalla | butterfly /ˈbʊtərfləi/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʊtəɹflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəɹflaɪ/ | butterflee /ˈbʌtərfliː/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ |
| Uovo | egge /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ |
| Orso | bear /beːr/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛɹ/ | bear /bɛɹ/ | beir /biːɹ/ | bear /bɛː/ |
| Cavallo | horse /hɔrs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /ɔːs/ | horse /hɔɹs/ | horse /hɔɾs/ | horse /hɔrs/ | horse /hɔːs/ |
| Casa | house /huːs/ | house /huːs/ | house /aʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /hʌus/ | hoose /huːs/ | house /haʊs/ |
| Latte | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| Miele | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʊni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | hinnie /ˈhɪni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ |
| Sale | salt /salt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɒlt/ | salt /sɔlt/ | saut /sɑːt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ |
| Vino | wine /wəin/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /wəin/ | wine /waɪn/ |
| Riso | rice /rəis/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹəɪs/ | rice /rəis/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ |
| Cioccolato | chocolate | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɔklət/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɔkəlɪt/ | chocolate /ˈtʃɒklət/ |
| Ferro | iron /ˈəirən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈɑɪəɹn/ | iron /aɪɹn/ | airn /ɛɹn/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ |
| Ruota | wheel /ʍiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /ʍiːl/ | wheel /ʍiːl/ | wheel /ʍiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ |
| Seta | silke /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ |
| Libro | booke /buːk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | buik /bjʌk/ | book /bʊk/ |
| Mangiare | eate /eːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ |
| Bere | drinke /driŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /drɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| Dormire | sleepe /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ |
| Uno | one /oːn/ | one /wʊn/ | one /wɒn/ | one /wʊn/ | one /wʌn/ | ane /en/ | one /wʌn/ |
| Due | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tˠuː/ | two /tuː/ | twa /twɑː/ | two /tuː/ |
| Tre | three /θriː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /θriː/ | three /θɹiː/ |
| Quattro | four /foːr/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /foːɹ/ | four /foɾ/ | fower /ˈfʌuər/ | four /fɔː/ |
| Cinque | fiue /fəiv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /fəiv/ | five /faɪv/ |
| Cento | hundred /ˈhʊndrəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʊndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hunner /ˈhʌnər/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɾəd/ |
| Ciao | good den /ɡuːd dɛn/ | hello /həˈloː/ | ey up /eɪ ʊp/ | hello /hɛˈloː/ | hello /hɛˈlo/ | hullo /hʌˈlo/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ |
| Grazie | gramercy /ɡraˈmɛrsi/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | ta /tɑː/ | thanks /taŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ | thanks /θaŋks/ |
| Buono | good /ɡʊːd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | guid /ɡɪd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
| Nuovo | new /nɪu̯/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /nɪʊ/ |
| Rosso | red /rɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /rɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | reid /rid/ | red /ɾɛd/ |
| Bianco | white /ʍəit/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /ʍaɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /ʍəit/ | white /waɪt/ |
| Nero | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ |
| Verde | greene /ɡriːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡriːn/ | green /ɡɾiːn/ |
| Blu | blew /bljuː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /blɪʊ/ |
| Cuculo | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | gowk /ɡʌuk/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| Bau bau | bowgh-wawgh | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | wowff /wʌuf/ | woof /wʊf/ |
| Chicchirichì | cockadidle-dowe /kɒk ə ˈdɪdəl doː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cockieleerie | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ |
| Computer | computer /kɔmˈpiu̯tər/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtəɾ/ | computer /kəmˈpjutər/ | computer /kəmˈpjutər/ | computer /kəmˈpɪʊtə/ |
| Sushi | stockfish /ˈstɒkfɪʃ/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃɪ/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃiː/ | sushi /ˈsʉʃi/ | sushi | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ |
| Tè | tee | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ |
| Caffè | coffee | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ |
| Zucchero | sugar | sugar /ˈʃʊɡɐ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡəɹ/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡəɹ/ | shuggar /ˈʃʌɡər/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ |
| Arancia | orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒrɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔrɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔrɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɾɪndʒ/ |
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