Pinuyumayan
Puyuma
Austronesiana
Il puyuma (pinuyumayan) è una delle lingue austronesiane formosane più piccole e più divergenti, il ramo primario dell'austronesiano all'interno delle lingue indigene di Taiwan. Il gruppo puyumico si colloca separatamente dagli altri rami formosani (ataialico, tsouico, paiwanico, rukaico, ecc.), rendendo il puyuma significativo per la linguistica storica austronesiana — conserva tratti perduti altrove. Parlato da circa 3.000 puyuma in otto villaggi dell'area di Beinan vicino a Taitung, nel sud-est di Taiwan. Le tradizioni culturali comprendono il rituale di caccia Mangmahut e la struttura comunitaria degli abitanti della pianura Mangayaw, che è matrilineare — caratteristica distintiva tra i gruppi aborigeni taiwanesi (la maggior parte dei quali è patrilineare).
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in puyuma
walru
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana
| Significato | Puyuma | Malese antico | Paiwan | Sakizaya | Proto-austronesiano | Bunun | Tao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | enay /enai/ | air /air/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fuoco | apuy /apui/ | api /api/ | sapuy /sapui/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sole | kadaw /kadaw/ | matari /matari/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | araw /araw/ |
| Luna | bulan /buɭan/ | bulan /bulan/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Stella | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Notte | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | malam /malam/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Pioggia | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | — | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Neve | urelra /uɾəla/ | — | sulja /suʎa/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | — |
| Vento | bali /baɭi/ | — | vali /vali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Terra | dare /ðarə/ | — | qipu /qipu/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pietra | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Montagna | zenan /ʐənan/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Mare | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | — | ljavek /ʎavək/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Madre | ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Padre | ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Figlia | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | — | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ |
| Io | kuiku /kuiku/ | aku /aku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Tu | yu /ju/ | kamu /kamu/ | sun /sun/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Noi | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Nome | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Persona | trau /ʈau/ | — | caucau /tsautsau/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tao /tao/ |
| Testa | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | — | qulu /qulu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Occhio | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orecchio | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | — | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Naso | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | — | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Bocca | indan /indan/ | — | angal /aŋaɭ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Dente | wali /wali/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | alis /aɭis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Lingua | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | lidah /lidah/ | sema /səma/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mano | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Piede | kuy /kui/ | — | — | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | ai /ai/ |
| Cuore | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | hati /hati/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Osso | ukak /ukak/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Sangue | damuk /damuk/ | darah /darah/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Cacca | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | obot /obot/ |
| Amore | ulaw /ulaw/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Albero | kawi /kawi/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Cane | suwan /suwan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | vatu /vatu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Gatto | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Pesce | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | ikan /ikan/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Uccello | ayam /ajam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Farfalla | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Uovo | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | — | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Orso | trumay /ʈumaj/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Cavallo | eva /əva/ | — | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| Casa | ruma /ɾuma/ | rumah /rumah/ | umaq /umaq/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Latte | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacul /hatsul/ | — | susu /susu/ | mizoko /mizoko/ |
| Miele | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Sale | iyam /ijam/ | garam /ɡaram/ | qatia /qatia/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | asin /asin/ |
| Vino | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | vava /vava/ | — | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ |
| Riso | veras /vəɾas/ | — | paday /padai/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | mogis /moɡis/ |
| Ferro | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | mukin /mukin/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Ruota | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Libro | valray /vaɭaj/ | — | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Mangiare | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | keman /kəman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Bere | enpa /enpa/ | minum /minum/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormire | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Uno | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | ita /ita/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | asa /asa/ |
| Due | zua /ʐua/ | dua /dua/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Tre | telu /təlu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Quattro | pat /pat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | apat /apat/ |
| Cinque | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | saleman /saɭəman/ | ratus /ratus/ | taidai /taidai/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Ciao | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Grazie | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Buono | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | baik /baik/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Nuovo | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | — | vaquan /vaquan/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Rosso | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | merah /merah/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Bianco | bulenan /buɭənan/ | putih /putih/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Nero | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | hitam /hitam/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Verde | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Blu | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Computer | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
| Zucchero | walru | — | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | satto |
| 99 | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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