Tayal
Atayal
Austronesiana (Atayalic)
L'atayal (Tayal) è la principale lingua formosana settentrionale del Taiwan montuoso del nord, parlata da circa 85K persone con circa 10K parlanti L1 quotidiani. Riconosciuta come una delle 16 lingue austronesiane indigene di Taiwan. Due dialetti principali: Squliq (più conservativo, base dello standard) e C'uli'. Notevole per la tradizione del tatuaggio facciale (ptasan) che segna l'età adulta (vietata dall'amministrazione coloniale giapponese nel 1913). La morfologia verbale ricca di reduplicazioni e il sistema austronesiano di marcatura del focus dell'atayal sono prove centrali nelle ipotesi di Formosa-come-patria-d'origine.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in atayal
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana (Atayalic)
| Significato | Atayal | Truku/seediq | Bunun | Thao | Sasak | Batak angkola | Ngaju |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | qsyaʼ /qsijaʔ/ | qsiya /qsija/ | danum /danum/ | sazum /saðum/ | aiq /aiʔ/ | aek /aek/ | danum /danum/ |
| Fuoco | puniq /puniq/ | puniq /puniq/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ |
| Sole | wagiʼ /waɡiʔ/ | hidaw /hidaw/ | vali /vali/ | fitulha /fituʎa/ | jelo /dʒəlo/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matanandau /matanandau/ |
| Luna | byacing /bjatʃiŋ/ | idas /idas/ | buan /buan/ | furaz /fuɾað/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Stella | bingah /biŋah/ | pngrah /pŋəɾah/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Notte | mlhngan /mlhŋan/ | keeman /kəman/ | labian /labian/ | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | malem /maləm/ | borngin /borŋin/ | hamalem /hamaləm/ |
| Pioggia | qwalax /qwalax/ | quyux /qujux/ | qudan /qudan/ | qusaz /qusað/ | ujan /uˈdʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | ujan /udʒan/ |
| Neve | hlaqiy /hlaqij/ | huda /huda/ | paav /paav/ | ulhza /uɬða/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Vento | behuy /bəhuj/ | bgihur /bɡihuɾ/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | fari /faɾi/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | riwut /riwut/ |
| Terra | rhzyal /rhzjal/ | dxgal /dəxɡal/ | dalah /dalah/ | pruq /pruq/ | tanaq /tanaʔ/ | tano /tano/ | petak /petak/ |
| Pietra | btunux /btunux/ | btunux /btunux/ | batu /batu/ | fatu /fatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Montagna | rgyax /rɣjax/ | dgiyaq /dɡijaq/ | ludun /ludun/ | huzun /huðun/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolok /dolok/ | bukit /bukit/ |
| Mare | bsilung /bsiluŋ/ | gsilung /ɡsiluŋ/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wazakan /waðakan/ | segare /səɡarə/ | laut /laut/ | tasik /tasik/ |
| Madre | yayaʼ /jajaʔ/ | bubu /bubu/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | inaq /inaʔ/ | inang /inaŋ/ | indu /indu/ |
| Padre | yabaʼ /jabaʔ/ | tama /tama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | amaq /amaʔ/ | amang /amaŋ/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Figlia | laqi kneril /laqi knəril/ | wauwa /wauwa/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | anak nine /anak ninə/ | boru /boru/ | anak bawi /anak bawi/ |
| Io | kuzing /kuziŋ/ | yaku /jaku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaku /jaku/ | aku /aku/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ |
| Tu | isuʼ /ʔisuʔ/ | isu /ʔisu/ | suu /suʔu/ | ihu /ʔihu/ | side /sidə/ | ho /ho/ | ikau /ikau/ |
| Noi | itaʼ / sami /itaʔ / sami/ | ita / yami /ʔita / jami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | ite / kami /itə / kami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | itah / ikei /itah / ikei/ |
| Nome | laluʼ /laluʔ/ | hangan /haŋan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | tanan /tanan/ | aran /aran/ | goar /ɡoar/ | aran /aran/ |
| Persona | squliq /squliq/ | seediq /sədiq/ | bunun /bunun/ | caw /θaw/ | dengan /dəŋan/ | halak /halak/ | uluh /uluh/ |
| Testa | tunux /tunux/ | tunux /tunux/ | bungu /buŋu/ | punuq /punuq/ | otak /otak/ | ulu /ulu/ | takuluk /takuluk/ |
| Occhio | roziq /roziq/ | dowriq /dowɾiq/ | mata /mata/ | maca /maθa/ | mate /matə/ | mata /mata/ | mate /mate/ |
| Orecchio | papak /paˈpak/ | birat /biɾat/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | lharina /ɬarina/ | kentok /kəntok/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | pinding /pindiŋ/ |
| Naso | nguhuw /ŋuhuw/ | muhing /muhiŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | muzin /muðin/ | irung /iruŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | urung /uruŋ/ |
| Bocca | nqwaq /nqwaq/ | quwaq /quwaq/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | biwih /biwih/ | baba /baba/ | nyama /ɲama/ |
| Dente | gʼnux /ɡʔnux/ | rupun /ɾupun/ | nipun /nipun/ | nipin /nipin/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | kasinga /kasiŋa/ |
| Lingua | hmaʼ /hmaʔ/ | hema /həma/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | zama /ðama/ | elaq /əlaʔ/ | dila /dila/ | jela /dʒelaʔ/ |
| Mano | qbaʼ /qbaʔ/ | baga /baɡa/ | ima /ima/ | lima /lima/ | ime /imə/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lengen /ləŋən/ |
| Piede | kakay /kakaj/ | papak /papak/ | bantas /bantas/ | kuskus /kuskus/ | naé /nae/ | pat /pat/ | pai /pai/ |
| Cuore | nyux /njux/ | lnglungan /lŋluŋan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | putul /putul/ | ate /ate/ | roha /roha/ | atei /atei/ |
| Osso | baqniʼ /baqniʔ/ | but /but/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | puʼu /puʔu/ | tolang /tolaŋ/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Sangue | ramuʼ /ramuʔ/ | dara /daɾa/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | talhum /taɬum/ | daraq /daraʔ/ | mudar /mudar/ | daha /dahaʔ/ |
| Cacca | quciʼ /qutsiʔ/ | quti /quti/ | taki /taki/ | caqi /θaqi/ | tai /tai/ | — | tai /tai/ |
| Amore | kmalu inlungan /kmalu inluŋan/ | gmalu /ɡmalu/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | tresne /trəsnə/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sinta /sinta/ |
| Albero | qhuniq /qhuniq/ | qhuni /qhuni/ | kahu /kahu/ | lhalum /ʎalum/ | lolon kayu /lolon kaju/ | hayu /haju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Cane | huzil /huzil/ | huling /huliŋ/ | asu /asu/ | atu /atu/ | acong /aˈtʃoŋ/ | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ |
| Gatto | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋijaw/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | meong /meoŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | posa /posa/ |
| Pesce | qulih /quliç/ | qsurux /qsuɾux/ | iskan /iskan/ | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | empaq /əmpaʔ/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | lauk /ˈlauk/ |
| Uccello | qbhniq /qbhniq/ | qbhni /qbhəni/ | hazam /hazam/ | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | kedit /kədit/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Farfalla | kperay /kpəraj/ | klaway /klawaj/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | — | — | kakupu /kakupuʔ/ |
| Uovo | bazing /baziŋ/ | balung /baluŋ/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | teloq /təloʔ/ | pira /pira/ | tanteluh /tantəluh/ |
| Orso | ngarux /ŋarux/ | sumay /sumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | cumay /θumai/ | beruang /bəruaŋ/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | bahuang /bahuaŋ/ |
| Cavallo | rmeʼ /rməʔ/ | dmay /dmaj/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | jaran /dʒaran/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ |
| Casa | ngasal /ŋasal/ | sapah /sapah/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | kayan /kajan/ | bale /bale/ | bagas /baɡas/ | huma /huma/ |
| Latte | mirukuʼ /mirukuʔ/ | nunuh /nunuh/ | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ |
| Miele | buq na hzing /buq na hziŋ/ | beyuq /bejuq/ | vanu /vanu/ | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | madu /madu/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | madu /madu/ |
| Sale | cimuʼ /tsimuʔ/ | cimu /tsimu/ | hasila /hasila/ | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | sie /siə/ | sira /sira/ | uyah /ujah/ |
| Riso | bwax /bwax/ | buwax payay /buwax pajaj/ | cilas /tsilas/ | — | beras /bəras/ | — | behas /behas/ |
| Ferro | baliq /baliq/ | xiluy /xiluj/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | balis /balis/ | besi /bəsi/ | bosi /bosi/ | wasi /wasi/ |
| Ruota | hbangan /hbaŋan/ | ribaw /ɾibaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — | gegiling /ɡəɡiliŋ/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ |
| Libro | biruʼ /biruʔ/ | patis /patis/ | patasan /patasan/ | patashan /pataʃan/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Mangiare | maniq /maniq/ | meekan /meekan/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Bere | mnbuw /mnbuw/ | mimah /mimah/ | muqun /muqun/ | naqayan /naqajan/ | nginem /ŋinəm/ | minum /minum/ | mihop /mihop/ |
| Dormire | mʼabiʼ /mʔabiʔ/ | mtaqi /mtaqi/ | masabah /masabah/ | malhus /maɬus/ | tindoq /tindoʔ/ | modom /modom/ | batiruh /batiruh/ |
| Uno | qutux /qutux/ | kingal /kiŋal/ | tasa /tasa/ | tata /tata/ | sekéq /səkeʔ/ | sada /sada/ | ije /ije/ |
| Due | sazing /saziŋ/ | dha /daha/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusha /tuʃa/ | due /duə/ | dua /dua/ | due /ˈdue/ |
| Tre | cyugal /tsjuɡal/ | teru /təɾu/ | tau /tau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | telu /təlu/ | tolu /tolu/ | telo /təlo/ |
| Quattro | payat /pajat/ | sepac /səpats/ | paat /paːt/ | shpat /ʃpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | opat /opat/ | epat /əpat/ |
| Cinque | magal /maɣal/ | rima /ɾima/ | hima /hima/ | rima /rima/ | lima /limə/ | lima /lima/ | lime /lime/ |
| Cento | kbhul /kβhul/ | kbekuy /kbəkuj/ | saba /saba/ | shaba /ʃaba/ | satus /satus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Ciao | lokah /lokah/ | embiyax /əmbijax/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ya /ja/ | salam /salam/ | horas /horas/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Grazie | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | mhuway /mhuwaj/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | mihu /mihu/ | tampi asih /tampi asih/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ |
| Buono | blaq /blaq/ | malu /malu/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | solah /solah/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | bahalap /bahalap/ |
| Nuovo | geqas /ɡəqas/ | bgurah /bɡuɾah/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | baru /baru/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | taheta /taheta/ |
| Rosso | mtalah /mtalah/ | mbanah /mbanah/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | beaq /beaʔ/ | rara /rara/ | bahandang /bahandaŋ/ |
| Bianco | plqwiʼ /plqwiʔ/ | bhgay /bhəɡaj/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | mapuzi /mapuði/ | putiq /putiʔ/ | bontar /bontar/ | baputi /baputi/ |
| Nero | mqalux /mqalux/ | mqalux /mqalux/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | maqusum /maqusum/ | bideng /bidəŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | babilem /babiləm/ |
| Verde | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | msama /msama/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | ijo /idʒo/ | rata /rata/ | bahijau /bahidʒau/ |
| Blu | mtasiq /mtasiq/ | mgkarats /mŋ̩kaɾats/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | biru /biru/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | biru /biru/ |
| Computer | tennaw /tənnaw/ | patas samaw | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannau /tiannau/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Tè | ocyaʼ /otsjaʔ/ | ocya /otsja/ | ucia /utsia/ | — | tih /tih/ | — | teh /teh/ |
| Zucchero | kmsyaʼ /kmsjaʔ/ | qmsiya /qəmsija/ | kamasia /kamasia/ | — | gule /ɡulə/ | — | — |
| Arancia | yutak /jutak/ | mami /mami/ | izuk /izuk/ | — | — | — | — |
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