Li Niha
Nias
Austronesiana
Il nias (li niha, «lingua dei niha [il popolo]») è la principale lingua austronesiana dell'isola di Nias, un'isola al largo della costa occidentale di Sumatra Settentrionale, in Indonesia, nell'Oceano Indiano. Il popolo nias è famoso per la sua cultura guerriera megalitica del salto sulla pietra (hombo batu — saltare oltre colonne di pietra), le tradizionali case signorili a cupola Omo Hada e il festival nias di Faulokho. Dal punto di vista linguistico, il nias presenta tratti austronesiani sundici: alternanze di diatesi/focus, particelle nominali simili a classificatori e un ricco sistema pronominale. Esistono due principali gruppi dialettali: il nias settentrionale (Niha Bawöra) e il nias meridionale (Niha Maenamölö), con la grammatica di Brown del 2001 incentrata su quello meridionale.
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87 parole essenziali in nias
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Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: Austronesiana
| Significato | Nias | Mandar | Batak toba | Batak angkola | Banjar | Lampung | Batak simalungun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | idanö /idanɤ/ | uai /uai/ | aek /aek/ | aek /aek/ | banyu /baɲu/ | way /waj/ | bah /bah/ |
| Fuoco | alitö /aˈlitɤ/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | apui /apui/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sole | luo /luo/ | mata allo /mata alːo/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ | matahari /matahari/ | matarani /matarani/ | mata ni ari /mata ni ari/ |
| Luna | bawa /bawa/ | bulang /bulaŋ/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Stella | döfi /dɤfi/ | bittoeng /bittoeŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Notte | bongi /boŋi/ | bongi /boŋi/ | borngin /borŋin/ | borngin /borŋin/ | malam /malam/ | dibingi /dibiŋi/ | borngin /borŋin/ |
| Pioggia | teu /ˈtɛu/ | urang /uˈraŋ/ | udan /uˈdan/ | udan /uˈdan/ | hujan /ˈhudʒan/ | ujan /udʒan/ | udan /uˈdan/ |
| Neve | teu asio /tɛu asio/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | salju /saldʒu/ | — | salju /saldʒu/ |
| Vento | angi /aŋi/ | angin /aŋin/ | alogo /aloɡo/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ | logou /loɡou/ |
| Terra | tanö /tanɤ/ | litaq /litaʔ/ | tano /tano/ | tano /tano/ | tanah /tanah/ | tanoh /tanoh/ | tanoh /tanoh/ |
| Pietra | kara /kara/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Montagna | hili /ˈhili/ | buttu /butːu/ | dolok /dolok/ | dolok /dolok/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ | dolog /doloɡ/ |
| Mare | asi /asi/ | sasiq /sasiʔ/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | laut /laut/ | lawok /lawoʔ/ | laut /laut/ |
| Madre | ina /ina/ | indoq /indoʔ/ | ina /ina/ | inang /inaŋ/ | uma /uma/ | ina /ina/ | inang /inaŋ/ |
| Padre | amada /amada/ | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | amang /amaŋ/ | abah /abah/ | bak /baʔ/ | bapa /bapa/ |
| Figlia | ono alawe /ono alawe/ | — | boru /boru/ | boru /boru/ | anak babinian /anak babinian/ | anak bebai /anak bəbai/ | boru /boru/ |
| Io | yaʼo /jaʔo/ | iyau /ijau/ | ahu /ahu/ | au /au/ | aku /aku/ | nyak /ɲaʔ/ | ahu /ahu/ |
| Tu | yaʼugö /jaʔuɡɤ/ | io /iʔo/ | ho /ho/ | ho /ho/ | ikam /ikam/ | niku /niku/ | ho /ho/ |
| Noi | yaʼita / yaʼaga /jaʔita / jaʔaɡa/ | ikiq / ingkaiq /ikiʔ / iŋkaiʔ/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | hita / hami /hita / hami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ram / sikam /ʁam / sikam/ | hita / hanami /hita / hanami/ |
| Nome | döi /dɤi/ | sanga /saŋa/ | goar /ɡoar/ | goar /ɡoar/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | gelagh /ɡəlaʁ/ | goran /ɡoran/ |
| Persona | niha /niha/ | tau /tau/ | halak /halak/ | halak /halak/ | urang /uraŋ/ | jelema /dʒələma/ | halak /halak/ |
| Testa | högö /hɤɡɤ/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | ulu /ulu/ | kapala /kapala/ | hulu /hulu/ | ulu /ulu/ |
| Occhio | hörö /hɤɾɤ/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orecchio | talinga /taliŋa/ | talinga /taliŋa/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ | cuping /tʃupiŋ/ | pinggol /piŋɡol/ |
| Naso | ikhu /ixu/ | pudzung /puðuŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ | hidung /hiduŋ/ | irung /iʁuŋ/ | igung /iɡuŋ/ |
| Bocca | bawa /bawa/ | nganga /ŋaŋa/ | baba /baba/ | baba /baba/ | muntung /muntuŋ/ | banguk /baŋuk/ | babah /babah/ |
| Dente | ifõ /ifɔ̃/ | isi /isi/ | ngingi /ŋiŋi/ | ipon /ipon/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ipon /ipon/ | ipon /ipon/ |
| Lingua | lela /lela/ | lila /lila/ | dila /dila/ | dila /dila/ | ilat /ilat/ | emo /əmo/ | dilah /dilah/ |
| Mano | tanga /taŋa/ | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | pungow /puŋow/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Piede | ahe /ahe/ | — | pat /pat/ | pat /pat/ | batis /batis/ | kukut /kukut/ | — |
| Cuore | tödö /tɤdɤ/ | ate /ate/ | roha /roha/ | roha /roha/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | uhur /uhur/ |
| Osso | töla /tɤla/ | buku /buku/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tehulan /təhulon/ | holi-holi /holiˈholi/ |
| Sangue | do /do/ | ceraq /tʃɛraʔ/ | mudar /mudar/ | mudar /mudar/ | darah /darah/ | rah /ʁɔh/ | daroh /daroh/ |
| Cacca | tai /tai/ | tai /tai/ | te /te/ | — | tahi /tahi/ | tahi /tahi/ | tois /tois/ |
| Amore | faʼomasi /faʔomasi/ | mappinawa /mapːinawa/ | holong /holoŋ/ | holong /holoŋ/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | cinta /tʃinta/ | holong /holoŋ/ |
| Albero | eu /eu/ | kaju /kaju/ | hau /hau/ | hayu /haju/ | batang /bataŋ/ | batang kayu /bataŋ kaju/ | hayu /haju/ |
| Cane | asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | biang /biaŋ/ | asu /asu/ | hadupan /hadupan/ | asu /asu/ | baliang /baliaŋ/ |
| Gatto | mao /mao/ | mio /mio/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ | pusa /pusa/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ | huting /hutiŋ/ |
| Pesce | iʼa /iːʔa/ | bau /ˈbau/ | dekke /ˈdekːe/ | ihan /ˈihan/ | iwak /ˈiwak/ | iwa /ˈiwo/ | ihan /ˈihan/ |
| Uccello | fofo /fofo/ | manu-manuq /manu manuʔ/ | pidong /pidoŋ/ | unggas /uŋɡas/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buʁuŋ/ | manuk-manuk /manukˈmanuk/ |
| Farfalla | kawa-kawa /kawakawa/ | — | lampu-lampu /lampuˈlampu/ | — | kupu-kupu /kupukupu/ | halibambang /halibambaŋ/ | ampul-ampul /ampulˈampul/ |
| Uovo | adulo /adulo/ | talloq /talːoʔ/ | pira /pira/ | pira /pira/ | hintalu /hintalu/ | telui /təlui/ | tinaruh /tinaruh/ |
| Orso | berua /berua/ | — | gompul /ɡompul/ | gompul /ɡompul/ | biruang /biruaŋ/ | beruang /bəʁuaŋ/ | gipul /ɡipul/ |
| Cavallo | kudo /kudo/ | — | hoda /hoda/ | kudo /kudo/ | kuda /kuda/ | kuda /kuda/ | huda /huda/ |
| Casa | omo /omo/ | boyang /bojaŋ/ | jabu /dʒabu/ | bagas /baɡas/ | rumah /rumah/ | lamban /lamban/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Latte | susu /susu/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | dadih /dadih/ |
| Miele | we wani /we wani/ | — | situak ni loba /situak ni loba/ | aer ni loba /aer ni loba/ | madu /madu/ | madu /madu/ | — |
| Sale | asio /asio/ | sia /sia/ | sira /sira/ | sira /sira/ | uyah /ujah/ | uyah /ujah/ | sira /sira/ |
| Vino | agu /aɡu/ | — | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ | anggor /aŋɡor/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Riso | böra /bɤɾa/ | baras /baras/ | boras /boras/ | — | baras /baras/ | bias /bias/ | boras /boras/ |
| Cioccolato | cokelat | sikolaq /sikolaʔ/ | coklat | — | suklat /ˈsuklat/ | — | coklat |
| Ferro | siʼöli /siˈʔɤli/ | bassi /basːi/ | bosi /bosi/ | bosi /bosi/ | wasi /ˈwasi/ | besi /bəsi/ | bosi /bosi/ |
| Ruota | gaolo-gaolo /ɡaoloɡaolo/ | — | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | roda /roda/ | ruda /ʁuda/ | galapang /ɡalapaŋ/ |
| Seta | sotöra /sotɤɾa/ | — | surta /surta/ | surto /surto/ | sutra /sutra/ | sutra /sutʁa/ | sitora /sitora/ |
| Libro | buku /buku/ | suraq /suraʔ/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ | buku /buku/ |
| Mangiare | manga /maŋa/ | maʼande /maʔande/ | mangan /maŋan/ | mangan /maŋan/ | makan /makan/ | nganik /ŋanik/ | mangan /maŋan/ |
| Bere | badu /badu/ | minung /minuŋ/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | nginum /ŋinum/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormire | mörö /mɤrɤ/ | matindro /matindro/ | modom /modom/ | modom /modom/ | guring /ɡuriŋ/ | pedom /pədɔm/ | modom /modom/ |
| Uno | sara /saɾa/ | mesa /mesa/ | sada /sada/ | sada /sada/ | asa /asa/ | sai /sai/ | sada /sada/ |
| Due | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | rua /ruwa/ | dua /dua/ |
| Tre | tölu /tɤlu/ | tallu /talːu/ | tolu /tolu/ | tolu /tolu/ | talu /talu/ | telu /təlu/ | tolu /tolu/ |
| Quattro | öfa /ɤfa/ | appe /apːe/ | opat /opat/ | opat /opat/ | ampat /ampat/ | pat /pat/ | opat /opat/ |
| Cinque | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cento | ötu /ɤtu/ | sangatus /saŋatus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | saratus /saratus/ | seratus /səʁatus/ | saratus /saratus/ |
| Ciao | yaʼahowu /jaʔahowu/ | salamaʼ maʼondong /salamaʔ maʔondoŋ/ | horas /horas/ | horas /horas/ | salam /salam/ | tabik /tabik/ | horas /horas/ |
| Grazie | saohagölö /saohaɡɤlɤ/ | kuruʼ sumangaʼ /kuruʔ sumaŋaʔ/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | mauliate /mauliate/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | tarima kasih /tarima kasih/ | diatebei /diatebei/ |
| Buono | sökhi /sɤxi/ | macoa /matʃoa/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | denggan /deŋɡan/ | bagus /baɡus/ | hayep /hajep/ | dear /dear/ |
| Nuovo | bohou /bohou/ | baru /baru/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | imbaru /imbaru/ | hanyar /haɲar/ | ampai /ampai/ | baru /baru/ |
| Rosso | oyo /ojo/ | mamea /mamea/ | rara /rara/ | rara /rara/ | habang /habaŋ/ | suluh /suluh/ | gerger /ɡerɡer/ |
| Bianco | afusi /afusi/ | mapute /mapute/ | bontar /bontar/ | bontar /bontar/ | putih /putih/ | handak /handak/ | lopak /lopak/ |
| Nero | aitö /aitɤ/ | malotong /malotoŋ/ | birong /biroŋ/ | lomlom /lomlom/ | hirang /hiraŋ/ | halom /halom/ | birong /biroŋ/ |
| Verde | owugeʼe /owuɡeʔe/ | mekurarraq /mekurarːaʔ/ | rata /rata/ | rata /rata/ | hijau /hidʒau/ | hujau /hudʒau/ | ratah /ratah/ |
| Blu | balau /balau/ | magavu /maɡavu/ | balau /balau/ | rata langit /rata laŋit/ | biru /biru/ | — | — |
| Computer | komputer /komputeɾ/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ | komputer /komˈputər/ |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi | — | wifi | — | Wi-Fi | — | — |
| Tè | tesi /tesi/ | — | teh /teh/ | — | teh /teh/ | — | teh /teh/ |
| Caffè | kofi /kofi/ | — | kopi /kopi/ | — | kupi /kupi/ | kupi /kupi/ | kopi /kopi/ |
| Zucchero | gulo /ɡulo/ | golla /ɡolːa/ | gula /ɡula/ | — | gula /ɡula/ | gula /ɡula/ | gula /ɡula/ |
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