Prūsiska bila
Antico prussiano
indoeuropeo
L'antico prussiano (Prūsiska bila, «lingua prussiana») era la lingua principale dei Pruzzi baltici occidentali (detti anche Aestii, Pruzzi), abitanti della Prussia Orientale fino alla loro germanizzazione dopo la conquista dell'Ordine Teutonico (dagli anni 1230 agli anni 1410). Distinto dal lituano e dal lettone baltici orientali, l'antico prussiano presenta tratti indoeuropei arcaici perduti in quelle lingue: la conservazione del nominativo singolare -s in alcune classi, alternanze consonantiche più semplici e una semplificazione della declinazione di tipo germanico. Ricostruito principalmente a partire da tre Catechismi superstiti (1545-1561) e dal Vocabolario di Elbing del XIV secolo. Un moderno movimento di rinascita dell'antico prussiano, guidato da linguisti a partire dagli anni 1980, cerca di rendere l'antico prussiano una seconda lingua utilizzabile.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in antico prussiano
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: indoeuropeo
| Significato | Antico prussiano | Lettone | Samogitico | Latino | Latgallo | Sloveno | Gotico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | wundan /wundan/ | ūdens /uːdɛns/ | vondou /vɔndɔu/ | aqua /ˈakʷa/ | iudiņs /ˈiudʲinʲtsʲ/ | voda /ˈʋɔːda/ | 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 /wɑtoː/ |
| Fuoco | panno /panːo/ | uguns /uɡuns/ | ognės /ɔɡneːs/ | ignis /ˈiŋnis/ | guņs /ɡunʲtsʲ/ | ogenj /ˈɔːɡən/ | 𐍆𐍉𐌽 /foːn/ |
| Sole | saule /saule/ | saule /saulɛ/ | saulė /sauleː/ | sōl /soːl/ | saule /ˈsaulʲæ/ | sonce /ˈsoːntsɛ/ | 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉 /sunːoː/ |
| Luna | menins /menins/ | mēness /meːnɛs/ | mienou /mʲeːnɔu/ | lūna /ˈluːna/ | mienesnīks /ˈmʲiɛ̯nʲæsʲnʲiːks/ | luna /ˈluːna/ | 𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌰 /meːnɑ/ |
| Stella | lauxnos /ˈlauksnos/ | zvaigzne /ˈzvaiɡzne/ | žvaigždė /ʒvaɪɡʒdeː/ | stella /ˈstɛlːa/ | zvaigzne /ˈzvai̯ɡʲzʲnʲæ/ | zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐍉 /stɛrnoː/ |
| Notte | nacktin /naktin/ | nakts /nakts/ | naktis /ˈnaktʲɪs/ | nox /noks/ | nakts /nakts/ | noč /noːtʃ/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 /naxts/ |
| Pioggia | aglo /aɡlo/ | lietus /liɛtus/ | lītos /liːtɔs/ | pluvia /ˈpluwia/ | leits /lʲɛi̯ts/ | dež /dəʃ/ | 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 /riɡn/ |
| Neve | snaygis /snaiɡis/ | sniegs /sniɛks/ | sniegs /snʲɛɡs/ | nix /niks/ | snīgs /sʲnʲiːks/ | sneg /sneːk/ | 𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍃 /snɛːws/ |
| Vento | wetro /wetro/ | vējš /ʋeːjʃ/ | vies /vʲieːs/ | ventus /ˈwɛntʊs/ | viejs /vʲiɛ̯js/ | veter /ˈʋeːtər/ | 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 /winds/ |
| Terra | semmē /ˈsɛmmeː/ | zeme /ˈzɛme/ | žemė /ʒʲɛmʲeː/ | humus /ˈhumus/ | zeme /ˈzʲæmʲæ/ | zemlja /ˈzɛːmlja/ | 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰 /ɛrθa/ |
| Pietra | stabis /ˈstabis/ | akmens /ˈakmens/ | akmou /ɐkˈmoː/ | lapis /ˈlapis/ | akmiņs /ˈakʲmʲinʲtsʲ/ | kamen /ˈkaːmən/ | 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /stɛːns/ |
| Montagna | grabis /ɡrabis/ | kalns /kalns/ | kalns /kalns/ | mons /moːns/ | kolns /kɔlnts/ | gora /ˈɡɔːra/ | 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌹 /ˈfɛrɡuni/ |
| Mare | iūrin /ˈjuːrin/ | jūra /ˈjuːra/ | jūra /juːra/ | mare /ˈmare/ | jiura /ˈjiura/ | morje /ˈmoːrjɛ/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹 /ˈmareː/ |
| Madre | mūti /muːti/ | māte /maːtɛ/ | mama /mama/ | māter /ˈmaːter/ | muote /ˈmuɔ̯tʲæ/ | mati /ˈmaːti/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 /aiθiː/ |
| Padre | tāws /taːws/ | tēvs /teːvs/ | tievs /tʲieːvs/ | pater /ˈpater/ | tāvs /taːws/ | oče /ˈɔːtʃɛ/ | 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 /ɑtːɑ/ |
| Figlia | duckti /duktiː/ | meita /meita/ | doktie /dɔkˈtʲieː/ | fīlia /ˈfiːlia/ | meita /ˈmʲæi̯ta/ | hči /xtʃiː/ | 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌰𐍂 /dɔːhtar/ |
| Io | as /as/ | es /æs/ | aš /aʃ/ | ego /ˈeɡoː/ | es /æs/ | jaz /jas/ | 𐌹𐌺 /ik/ |
| Tu | tū /tuː/ | tu /tu/ | tŭ /tʊ/ | tū /tuː/ | tu /tu/ | ti /tiː/ | 𐌸𐌿 /θuː/ |
| Noi | mes /mes/ | mēs /meːs/ | mes /mɛs/ | nōs /noːs/ | mes /mʲæs/ | mi /miː/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 /wiːs/ |
| Nome | emnes /ˈemnes/ | vārds /vaːrds/ | vards /vards/ | nōmen /ˈnoːmen/ | vuords /vuɔ̯rts/ | ime /iˈmeː/ | 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 /nɑmoː/ |
| Persona | smunents /ˈsmuːnents/ | cilvēks /ˈtsilvɛːks/ | žmuogos /ʒmuoɡos/ | homo /ˈhomoː/ | cylvāks /ˈtsɨlvaːks/ | človek /ˈtʃlɔːʋɛk/ | 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰 /ˈmanːa/ |
| Testa | gallū /ˈɡaluː/ | galva /ˈɡalva/ | galva /ɡalva/ | caput /ˈkaput/ | golva /ˈɡɔlva/ | glava /ˈɡlaːʋa/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸 /ˈhɔːβiθ/ |
| Occhio | ackis /akis/ | acs /ats/ | akės /akʲeːs/ | oculus /ˈokulus/ | acs /atsʲsʲ/ | oko /ɔˈkoː/ | 𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉 /ɑuɣoː/ |
| Orecchio | ausins /au̯sins/ | auss /au̯s/ | ausis /ˈau̯sɪs/ | auris /ˈau̯ris/ | auss /au̯s/ | uho /uˈxoː/ | 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 /ˈau̯soː/ |
| Naso | nozy /ˈnoziː/ | deguns /ˈdeɡuns/ | nuosis /ˈnuosis/ | nāsus /ˈnaːsus/ | nuoss /nuɔ̯ss/ | nos /noːs/ | — |
| Bocca | austo /au̯sto/ | mute /ˈmute/ | borna /bɔrna/ | ōs /oːs/ | mute /ˈmutʲæ/ | usta /ˈuːsta/ | 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 /munθs/ |
| Dente | dantis /dantis/ | zobs /zuɔps/ | dontis /ˈdɔntɪs/ | dēns /deːns/ | zūbs /zuːps/ | zob /zoːp/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 /tunθus/ |
| Lingua | insuwis /insuvis/ | mēle /ˈmeːle/ | lėižuvis /ˈlʲeːʒʊvɪs/ | lingua /ˈliŋɡwa/ | mēle /ˈmʲæːlʲæ/ | jezik /ˈjɛːzik/ | 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 /tuŋɡoː/ |
| Mano | rancko /ranko/ | roka /ruɔka/ | ronka /rɔŋka/ | manus /ˈmanus/ | rūka /ˈruːka/ | roka /ˈrɔːka/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 /hɑndus/ |
| Piede | nagē /naɡeː/ | kāja /kaːja/ | pieda /pʲieːda/ | pēs /peːs/ | pāds /paːts/ | stopalo /stɔˈpaːlɔ/ | 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 /foːtus/ |
| Cuore | sīran /siːran/ | sirds /sirds/ | šėrdės /ʃʲeːrdʲeːs/ | cor /kor/ | sirds /sʲirtsʲ/ | srce /sərˈtseː/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 /hɛrtoː/ |
| Osso | kaulan /ˈkaulan/ | kauls /kauls/ | kauls /kɐʊls/ | os /os/ | kauls /kau̯ls/ | kost /koːst/ | — /—/ |
| Sangue | krawian /ˈkrawjan/ | asinis /ˈasinis/ | kraus /krɐʊs/ | sanguis /ˈsaŋɡwis/ | asnis /ˈasʲnʲis/ | kri /kriː/ | 𐌱𐌻𐍉𐌸 /bloːθ/ |
| Amore | milīt /miliːt/ | mīlestība /miːlɛstiːba/ | meilė /mʲɛileː/ | amor /ˈamor/ | mīleiba /ˈmʲiːlʲæi̯ba/ | ljubezen /ljuˈbeːzən/ | 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌸𐍅𐌰 /friɑθwɑ/ |
| Albero | garrin /ˈɡarin/ | koks /kuɔks/ | medis /mʲɛdʲɪs/ | arbor /ˈarbor/ | kūks /kuːks/ | drevo /drɛˈʋoː/ | 𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃 /bɑɣms/ |
| Cane | sunis /sunis/ | suns /suns/ | šou /ʃɔu/ | canis /ˈkanis/ | suņs /sunʲtsʲ/ | pes /pəs/ | 𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 /hunds/ |
| Gatto | katto /katːo/ | kaķis /kacis/ | katė /katʲeː/ | fēlēs /ˈfeːleːs/ | kačs /katʃs/ | mačka /ˈmaːtʃka/ | — /—/ |
| Pesce | suckis /ˈsukis/ | zivs /zivs/ | žovis /ʒoːvɪs/ | piscis /ˈpiskis/ | zivs /zʲiwsʲ/ | riba /ˈriːba/ | 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 /fisks/ |
| Uccello | pippelis /ˈpipːelis/ | putns /ˈputns/ | paukštis /paukʃtis/ | avis /ˈawɪs/ | putnys /ˈputnɨs/ | ptica /ˈptiːtsa/ | 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 /fuɡls/ |
| Uovo | paute /ˈpaute/ | ola /ˈuɔla/ | kiaušis /ˈkʲauʃɪs/ | ōvum /ˈoːwum/ | ūla /ˈuːla/ | jajce /ˈjaːjtsɛ/ | — |
| Orso | clokis /ˈklokis/ | lācis /ˈlaːtsis/ | meška /mʲɛʃka/ | ursus /ˈursus/ | luocs /luɔ̯tsʲsʲ/ | medved /ˈmɛːdʋɛt/ | — |
| Casa | butt /butː/ | māja /maːja/ | noms /nɔms/ | domus /ˈdomus/ | sāta /ˈsaːta/ | hiša /ˈxiːʃa/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌽 /rɑzn/ |
| Latte | dadan /dadan/ | piens /piens/ | pėins /pʲeːins/ | lac /lak/ | pīns /pʲiːnts/ | mleko /ˈmleːkɔ/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 /miluks/ |
| Miele | meddo /medːo/ | medus /ˈmɛdus/ | medos /mʲædos/ | mel /mel/ | mads /mats/ | med /meːt/ | 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌸 /miliθ/ |
| Sale | sal /sal/ | sāls /saːls/ | druska /druska/ | sal /sal/ | suoļs /suɔ̯lʲs/ | sol /soːʋ/ | 𐍃𐌰𐌻𐍄 /salt/ |
| Vino | wīns /wiːns/ | vīns /viːns/ | vīns /viːns/ | vīnum /ˈwiːnum/ | veins /vʲæi̯nts/ | vino /ˈʋiːnɔ/ | 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽 /wiːn/ |
| Ferro | gelso /ˈɡelso/ | dzelzs /dzelzs/ | gelžis /ˈɡʲɛlʒʲɪs/ | ferrum /ˈferrum/ | dzeļzs /dzʲælʲss/ | železo /ʒɛˈleːzɔ/ | 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 /iːsarn/ |
| Ruota | kelan /kelan/ | ritenis /ˈritenis/ | tekėnis /ˈtʲɛkʲeːnʲɪs/ | rota /ˈrota/ | skrytuļs /ˈskrɨtulʲs/ | kolo /kɔˈloː/ | — |
| Libro | laiskas /ˈlaiskas/ | grāmata /ˈɡraːmata/ | knīga /kniːɡa/ | liber /ˈlɪbɛr/ | gruomota /ˈɡruɔ̯mɔta/ | knjiga /ˈknjiːɡa/ | 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 /ˈboːkoːs/ |
| Mangiare | īst /iːst/ | ēst /eːst/ | valgītė /valɡʲiːteː/ | edere /ˈedere/ | ēst /æːst/ | jesti /ˈjeːsti/ | 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 /mɑtjɑn/ |
| Bere | poūton /pouton/ | dzert /dzɛrt/ | gertė /ɡʲɛrteː/ | bibere /ˈbibere/ | dzert /dzʲærtʲ/ | piti /ˈpiːti/ | 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 /driŋkɑn/ |
| Dormire | meicte /meikte/ | gulēt /ˈɡulʲeːt/ | miegotė /mʲɪɛɡoːteː/ | dormīre /dorˈmiːre/ | gulēt /ˈɡulʲæːtʲ/ | spati /ˈspaːti/ | 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 /sleːpan/ |
| Uno | ains /ains/ | viens /viɛns/ | vins /vʲɪns/ | ūnus /ˈuːnus/ | vīns /vʲiːnts/ | eden /ˈɛːdən/ | 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 /ains/ |
| Due | dwai /dwai/ | divi /ˈdivi/ | du /dʊ/ | duo /ˈduo/ | divi /ˈdʲivʲi/ | dva /dʋaː/ | 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹 /twai/ |
| Tre | tīrjans /tiːrjans/ | trīs /triːs/ | trīs /triːs/ | trēs /treːs/ | treis /trɛi̯s/ | tri /triː/ | 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 /θriːs/ |
| Quattro | keturjai /keturjai/ | četri /ˈtʃetri/ | keturi /kʲɛtʊrʲɪ/ | quattuor /ˈkʷattuor/ | četri /ˈtʃɛtri/ | štiri /ˈʃtiːri/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 /fidwoːr/ |
| Cinque | pēnkjāi /peːnkjaːi/ | pieci /ˈpiɛtsi/ | pinki /pʲɪnkʲɪ/ | quinque /ˈkʷiːnkʷe/ | pīci /ˈpʲiːtsʲi/ | pet /peːt/ | 𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆 /fimf/ |
| Ciao | kaīls /kaiːls/ | sveiki /svɛiki/ | labs /labs/ | salvē /ˈsalweː/ | vasals /ˈvasals/ | živjo /ʒiʋjɔ/ | 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 /hails/ |
| Grazie | dīnkun /diːnkun/ | paldies /paldiɛs/ | ačiū /atʃuː/ | grātiās /ˈɡraːtiaːs/ | paļdis /ˈpalʲdʲis/ | hvala /ˈxʋaːla/ | 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐍃 /θɑŋks/ |
| Buono | labs /labs/ | labs /labs/ | gers /ɡʲɛrs/ | bonus /ˈbonus/ | lobs /lɔps/ | dober /ˈdoːbər/ | 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 /ɡoːθs/ |
| Nuovo | nauns /nauns/ | jauns /jauns/ | naus /nɐʊs/ | novus /ˈnowus/ | jauns /jau̯nts/ | nov /nɔʋ/ | 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 /ˈniujis/ |
| Rosso | wormyan /ˈwormjan/ | sarkans /ˈsarkans/ | raudons /rɐʊˈdons/ | ruber /ˈrubɛr/ | sorkons /ˈsɔrkɔnts/ | rdeč /ərˈdɛtʃ/ | 𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 /rɔːθs/ |
| Bianco | gaylis /ɡajlis/ | balts /balts/ | balts /balts/ | albus /ˈalbus/ | bolts /bɔlts/ | bel /beːʋ/ | 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 /ʍiːts/ |
| Nero | kirsnan /ˈkirsnan/ | melns /ˈmelns/ | jouds /jɔuds/ | niger /ˈniɡɛr/ | malns /malnts/ | črn /tʃərn/ | 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 /swarts/ |
| Verde | saligan /saliɡan/ | zaļš /zaʎʃ/ | žalis /ʒalʲɪs/ | viridis /ˈwɪrɪdɪs/ | zaļš /zalʲʃ/ | zelen /zɛˈlɛn/ | — |
| Blu | galimban /ɡaˈlimban/ | zils /zils/ | mielīns /mʲɪɛˈliːns/ | caeruleus /kaeˈruleus/ | zyls /zɨls/ | moder /ˈmoːdər/ | — |
| Cuculo | geguse /ɡɛˈɡuːzɛ/ | dzeguze /ˈdzɛɡuzɛ/ | — | cucūlus /kʊˈkuːlʊs/ | dzagiuze /ˈdzaɡʲiuzʲæ/ | kukavica /ˈkuːkaʋitsa/ | — |
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