Ghanaian English
加纳英语
日耳曼语族
加纳英语（通常标记为 en-GH）是一种制度化的英语变体，在高度多语的加纳社会中既是官方语言，也是全国通用语。它是政府、法律、教育和全国媒体的核心语言，使用者通常也学习阿坎语、埃维语、加语或达格巴尼语等一种或多种加纳语言。该变体在历史上源自英国英语，但在发音、词汇、语法和话语方面形成了稳定的本地特征。受教育者使用的加纳英语通常属于非卷舌音变体，没有连接 r 和插入 r，并经常以不同于英国标准发音的方式实现元音长度和部分辅音对立；具体结果会随使用者的第一语言而变化。它不同于加纳皮钦英语，后者是拥有自身语法和社会分布的独立英语词汇型皮钦语。
使用地区
加纳英语的87个核心词
来源
- Huber, Magnus 2004, Ghanaian English: phonology, in Kortmann & Schneider (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English vol. 1, Mouton de Gruyter, 842–865
- en.wikipedia: Ghanaian English
单词比较
与同属日耳曼语族的语言比较
| 含义 | 加纳英语 | 肯尼亚英语 | 尼日利亚英语 | 马来西亚英语 | 英语 | 牙买加英语 | 威尔士英语 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水 | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ | water /ˈwɔːtə/ |
| 火 | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ | fire /faɪə/ |
| 太阳 | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sɔn/ | sun /san/ | sun /sʌn/ | sun /sɵn/ | sun /sʌn/ |
| 月亮 | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ | moon /muːn/ |
| 星 | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ | star /stɑːɹ/ | star /staː/ | star /staː/ |
| 晚上 | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ | night /naɪt/ |
| 雨 | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɹeɪn/ | rain /ɹeːn/ | rain /ɾeɪn/ |
| 雪 | snow /snoː/ | snow /snoː/ | snow /snoː/ | snow /snoː/ | snow /snoʊ/ | snow /snoː/ | snow /snoʊ/ |
| 风 | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ | wind /wɪnd/ |
| 土 | earth /ɜːt/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːt/ | earth /ɜːt/ | earth /ɜːθ/ | earth /ɜːt/ | earth /ɜːθ/ |
| 石头 | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoʊn/ | stone /stoːn/ | stone /stoːn/ |
| 山 | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɛn/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntən/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ | mountain /ˈmɵʊntn̩/ | mountain /ˈmaʊntɪn/ |
| 海 | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ | sea /siː/ |
| 母亲 | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmɔðə/ | mother /ˈmadə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ | mother /ˈmɵðə/ | mother /ˈmʌðə/ |
| 父亲 | father /ˈfaːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfadə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ | father /ˈfaːðə/ | father /ˈfɑːðə/ |
| 女儿 | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ | daughter /ˈdɔːtə/ |
| 我 | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ | I /aɪ/ |
| 你 | you /juː/ | you /ju/ | you /ju/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ | you /juː/ |
| 我们 | we /wiː/ | we /wi/ | we /wi/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ | we /wiː/ |
| 名字 | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ | name /nem/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neɪm/ | name /neːm/ | name /neːm/ |
| 人 | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsɔn/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ | person /ˈpɜːsən/ |
| 头 | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ | head /hɛd/ |
| 眼睛 | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ | eye /aɪ/ |
| 耳朵 | ear /ia/ | ear /ia/ | ear /ia/ | ear /iə/ | ear /ɪɚ/ | ear /iːa/ | ear /iːə/ |
| 鼻子 | nose /noːs/ | nose /noːz/ | nose /noːs/ | nose /noːs/ | nose /noʊz/ | nose /noːz/ | nose /noʊz/ |
| 嘴 | mouth /maʊt/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | mouth /maʊt/ | mouth /maʊt/ | mouth /maʊθ/ | — | mouth /maʊθ/ |
| 牙 | tooth /tuːt/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːt/ | tooth /tuːt/ | tooth /tuːθ/ | tooth /tuːt/ | tooth /tuːθ/ |
| 舌头 | tongue /tɔŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tɔŋ/ | tongue /taŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ | tongue /tɵŋ/ | tongue /tʌŋ/ |
| 手 | hand /hænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hæn/ | hand /hænd/ | hand /hand/ | hand /hand/ |
| 脚 | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ | foot /fʊt/ |
| 心 | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /hɑːt/ | heart /haːt/ | heart /haːt/ |
| 骨头 | bone /bon/ | bone /bon/ | bone /bon/ | bone /bon/ | bone /boʊn/ | bone /boːn/ | bone /boːn/ |
| 血 | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blɔd/ | blood /blad/ | blood /blʌd/ | blood /blɵd/ | blood /blʌd/ |
| 便便 | poop /puːp/ | poop /puːp/ | poop /puːp/ | poop /puːp/ | poop /puːp/ | poo /puː/ | poo /puː/ |
| 爱 | love /lʌv/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lɔv/ | love /laf/ | love /lʌv/ | love /lɵv/ | love /lʌv/ |
| 树 | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ | tree /tɹiː/ |
| 狗 | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɔk/ | dog /dɒɡ/ | dog /dɔɡ/ | dog /dɒɡ/ |
| 猫 | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kæt/ | cat /kʰat ~ kjaːt/ | cat /kʰat/ |
| 鱼 | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ | fish /fɪʃ/ |
| 鸟 | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːɹd/ | bird /bɜːd/ | bird /bɜːd/ |
| 蝴蝶 | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbɔtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbatəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbɵtəflaɪ/ | butterfly /ˈbʌtəflaɪ/ |
| 鸡蛋 | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ | egg /ɛɡ/ |
| 熊 | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /bɛə/ | bear /beːɹ/ | bear /bɛː/ |
| 马 | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ | horse /hɔːs/ |
| 房子 | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /haʊs/ | house /hɵʊs/ | house /haʊs/ |
| 牛奶 | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ | milk /mɪlk/ |
| 蜂蜜 | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhɔni/ | honey /ˈhani/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ | honey /ˈhɵni/ | honey /ˈhʌni/ |
| 盐 | salt /sɔlt/ | salt /sɔlt/ | salt /sɔlt/ | salt /sɔlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ | salt /sɔːlt/ |
| 葡萄酒 | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ | wine /waɪn/ |
| 米 | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ | rice /ɹaɪs/ |
| 铁 | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ | iron /ˈaɪən/ |
| 轮子 | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ | wheel /wiːl/ |
| 丝 | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ | silk /sɪlk/ |
| 书 | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ | book /bʊk/ |
| 吃 | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ | eat /iːt/ |
| 喝 | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ | drink /dɹɪŋk/ |
| 睡觉 | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ | sleep /sliːp/ |
| 一 | one /wʌn/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wɔn/ | one /wan/ | one /wʌn/ | one /wɵn/ | one /wʌn/ |
| 二 | two /tuː/ | two /tu/ | two /tu/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ | two /tuː/ |
| 三 | three /tɹi/ | three /θɹi/ | three /tɹi/ | three /tɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ | three /tɹiː/ | three /θɹiː/ |
| 四 | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔː/ | four /fɔːɹ/ | four /foː/ | four /fɔː/ |
| 五 | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ | five /faɪv/ |
| 百 | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhɔndɹɛd/ | hundred /ˈhandɹɛd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɹəd/ | hundred /ˈhɵndɹɛd/ | hundred /ˈhʌndɾəd/ |
| 你好 | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈlo/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ | hello /həˈloː/ | hello /həˈləʊ/ |
| 谢谢 | thanks /taŋks/ | thank you /θæŋk juː/ | thanks /taŋks/ | thanks /tɛŋks/ | thank you /θæŋk juː/ | thank you /taŋk juː/ | thanks /θaŋks/ |
| 好 | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊt/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ | good /ɡʊd/ |
| 新 | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /njuː/ | new /nɪʊ/ |
| 红 | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɹɛd/ | red /ɾɛd/ |
| 白 | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ | white /waɪt/ |
| 黑 | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blæk/ | black /blak/ | black /blak/ |
| 绿 | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɹiːn/ | green /ɡɾiːn/ |
| 蓝 | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /bluː/ | blue /blɪʊ/ |
| 布谷鸟 | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ | cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/ |
| 汪汪 | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ | woof /wʊf/ |
| 喔喔 | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɔkəduːdlˈduː/ | cock-a-doodle-doo /ˌkɒkəduːdlˈduː/ |
| 电脑 | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kɔmˈpjuːta/ | computer /kɔmˈpjuːta/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /kəmˈpjuːtə/ | computer /komˈpjuːta/ | computer /kəmˈpɪʊtə/ |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ | Wi-Fi /ˈwaɪfaɪ/ |
| 寿司 | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuʃi/ | sushi /ˈsuːʃi/ |
| 茶 | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ | tea /tiː/ |
| 咖啡 | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ | coffee /ˈkɔfi/ | coffee /ˈkɒfi/ |
| 糖 | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ | sugar /ˈʃʊɡə/ |
| 橙 | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɔɹɪndʒ/ | orange /ˈɒɾɪndʒ/ |
| 99 | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ | ninety-nine /ˈnaɪnti ˈnaɪn/ |
| 多巴胺 | dopamine /ˈdoːpamiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoːpamiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoːpamiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoːpamiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoʊpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdoːpəmiːn/ | dopamine /ˈdəʊpəmiːn/ |
| @ 符号（艾特） | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /æt/ | at /at/ | at /at/ |
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