ChiTumbuka
通布卡语
大西洋-刚果（班图语支）
通布卡语（齐通布卡）是马拉维北部及赞比亚部分地区使用的班图语（N 组），与齐切瓦语关系密切但被视为独立语言。历史上通过非洲大湖区贸易网络传播，19 世纪苏格兰长老会传教士进行的圣经翻译及教育出版促成其文字化。是马拉维北部主要通用语，也是恩戈尼人语言同化的目标语言之一。约 200 万使用者，使用拉丁字母，有声调但标准正字法不标声调。
使用地区
通布卡语的87个核心词
Wi-Fi
makhumi ghankhonde na ghanayi na vinkhonde na vinayi
makʰumi ɣaŋkʰonde na ɣanaji na viŋkʰonde na vinaji
来源
- en.wiktionary Tumbuka lemmas (Turner 1996 Tumbuka-Tonga-English dictionary refs); New Tumbuka Bible (bible.com version 1961) and Mazgu gha Chiuta 1981 (bible.com 4776)
单词比较
与同属大西洋-刚果（班图语支）的语言比较
| 含义 | 通布卡语 | 齐切瓦语 | 塞纳语 | 绍纳语 | 马尼卡语 | 本巴语 | 恩道语 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水 | maji /madʒi/ | madzi /madzi/ | madzi /madzi/ | mvura /mvura/ | mvura /mvuɾa/ | amenshi /amenʃi/ | mvura /mvuɾa/ |
| 火 | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | moto /moto/ | umulilo /umulilo/ | muriro /muɾiɾo/ |
| 太阳 | zuŵa /zuβa/ | dzuwa /dzuwa/ | dzuwa /dzuwa/ | zuva /zuva/ | zuva /zuva/ | akasuba /akasuba/ | zuva /zuva/ |
| 月亮 | mwezi /mwezi/ | mwezi /mwezi/ | mwedzi /mwedzi/ | mwedzi /mwedzi/ | mwedzi /mwedzi/ | umweshi /umweʃi/ | mwedzi /mwedzi/ |
| 星 | nyenyezi /ɲeɲezi/ | nyenyezi /ɲeɲezi/ | nyenyezi /ɲeɲezi/ | nyeredzi /ɲeredzi/ | nyeredzi /ɲeredzi/ | intanda /intanda/ | nyeredzi /ɲeredzi/ |
| 晚上 | usiku /usiku/ | usiku /usiku/ | usiku /usiku/ | usiku /usiku/ | usiku /usiku/ | ubushiku /ubuʃiku/ | usiku /usiku/ |
| 雨 | vula /ˈvula/ | mvula /ˈmvula/ | mvura /mvura/ | mvura /mvura/ | mvura /mvura/ | imfula /imˈfula/ | mvura /mvura/ |
| 雪 | chiwuvi /tʃiwuvi/ | chipale chofewa /tʃipale tʃofewa/ | neve /neve/ | sinoo /sinoː/ | — | ubunga bwa mfula /ubuŋɡa bwa mfula/ | chando /tʃando/ |
| 风 | mphepo /ˈmpʰepo/ | mphepo /ˈmpʰepo/ | mphepo /mpʰepo/ | mhepo /ˈmʱepo/ | mhepo /mʰepo/ | umwela /umwela/ | mhepo /mʰepo/ |
| 土 | dongo /doŋɡo/ | dothi /ˈdotʰi/ | mataka /mataka/ | ivhu /iβu/ | ivhu /iβu/ | umushili /umuʃili/ | ivhu /ivu/ |
| 石头 | libwe /liˈɓwe/ | mwala /ˈmwala/ | mwala /mwala/ | ibwe /iˈɓwe/ | ibwe /iɓwe/ | ibwe /iˈbwe/ | buwe /buwe/ |
| 山 | phiri /pʰiɾi/ | phiri /ˈpʰiɾi/ | phiri /pʰiri/ | gomo /ˈɡomo/ | gomo /ɡomo/ | ulupili /ulupili/ | mutunhu /mutunʰu/ |
| 海 | nyanja /ɲandʒa/ | nyanja /ɲandʒa/ | bara /bara/ | gungwa /ɡuŋɡwa/ | gungwa /ɡuŋɡwa/ | bemba /bemba/ | ruandhle /ruandɮe/ |
| 母亲 | amama /amama/ | amayi /amaji/ | mai /mai/ | amai /amai/ | amai /amai/ | bamayo /bamajo/ | amai /amai/ |
| 父亲 | adada /adada/ | abambo /abambo/ | baba /baba/ | baba /baba/ | baba /baba/ | bataata /bataːta/ | baba /baba/ |
| 女儿 | mwana msungwana /mwana msuŋɡwana/ | mwana wamkazi /mwana wamkazi/ | mwana wankazi /mwana wankazi/ | mwanasikana /mwanasikana/ | mukunda /mukunda/ | umwana mwanakashi /umwana mwanakaʃi/ | mwanasikana /mwanasikana/ |
| 我 | ine /ine/ | ine /ine/ | ine /ine/ | ini /ini/ | ini /ini/ | ine /ine/ | ini /ini/ |
| 你 | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ | iwe /iwe/ |
| 我们 | ise /ise/ | ife /ife/ | ife /ife/ | isu /isu/ | isu /isu/ | ifwe /ifwe/ | isusu /isusu/ |
| 名字 | zina /zina/ | dzina /dzina/ | dzina /dzina/ | zita /zita/ | zita /zita/ | ishina /iʃina/ | zina /zina/ |
| 人 | munthu /muntʰu/ | munthu /muntʰu/ | munthu /muntʰu/ | munhu /muˈnʱu/ | munhu /munʱu/ | umuntu /umuntu/ | munhu /munʰu/ |
| 头 | mutu /mutu/ | mutu /mutu/ | nsolo /nsolo/ | musoro /musoro/ | musoro /musoro/ | umutwe /umutwe/ | soro /soro/ |
| 眼睛 | jiso /dʒiso/ | diso /diso/ | diso /diso/ | ziso /ziso/ | ziso /ziso/ | ilinso /ilinso/ | dziso /dziso/ |
| 耳朵 | khutu /kʰutu/ | khutu /kʰutu/ | khutu /kʰutu/ | nzeve /nzeβe/ | nzeve /nzeve/ | ukutwi /ukutwi/ | nzee /nzee/ |
| 鼻子 | mphuno /mpʰuno/ | mphuno /mˈpʰuno/ | mphuno /mpʰuno/ | mhino /mʱino/ | mhino /mʱino/ | umona /umona/ | miro /miro/ |
| 嘴 | mlomo /m̩lomo/ | kamwa /ˈkamʷa/ | nkanwa /nkanwa/ | muromo /muˈromo/ | muromo /muromo/ | akanwa /akanwa/ | muromo /muromo/ |
| 牙 | jino /dʒino/ | dzino /dzino/ | dzino /dzino/ | zino /zino/ | zino /zino/ | ilino /ilino/ | zino /zino/ |
| 舌头 | lulimi /lulimi/ | lilime /lilime/ | lirimi /lirimi/ | rurimi /rurimi/ | rurimi /rurimi/ | ululimi /ululimi/ | rurumi /ɾuɾumi/ |
| 手 | woko /woko/ | dzanja /dzandʒa/ | nkono /nkono/ | ruoko /rwoko/ | ruoko /ɾwoko/ | ukuboko /ukuboko/ | nyara /ɲara/ |
| 脚 | lundi /lundi/ | phazi /ˈpʰazí/ | mwendo /mwendo/ | tsoka /tsoka/ | — | ulukasa /ulukasa/ | tsoka /tsoka/ |
| 心 | mtima /m̩tima/ | mtima /mtima/ | ntima /ntima/ | mwoyo /mwojo/ | mwoyo /mwojo/ | umutima /umutima/ | mwoyo /mwojo/ |
| 骨头 | chiwangwa /tʃiwaŋɡwa/ | fupa /fupa/ | gogodo /ɡoɡodo/ | pfupa /pfupa/ | godo /ɡodo/ | ifupa /ifupa/ | godo /ɡodo/ |
| 血 | ndopa /ndopa/ | magazi /maɡazi/ | malopa /malopa/ | ropa /ropa/ | ropa /ropa/ | umulopa /umulopa/ | ngazi /ŋɡazi/ |
| 便便 | mavi /mavi/ | matuvi /matuvi/ | matubzwi /matubzwi/ | tsvina /tsvina/ | tsvina /tsvina/ | amafi /amafi/ | matuzvi /matuzvi/ |
| 爱 | kutemwa /kutemwa/ | chikondi /tʃikondi/ | kufuna /kufuna/ | rudo /rudo/ | rudo /ɾudo/ | ukutemwa /ukutemwa/ | rudo /ɾudo/ |
| 树 | khuni /kʰuni/ | mtengo /mteŋɡo/ | muti /muti/ | muti /muti/ | muti /muti/ | icimuti /itʃimuti/ | muti /muti/ |
| 狗 | ncheŵe /ntʃeβe/ | galu /ɡalu/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | mbwa /mbwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ | imbwa /imbwa/ |
| 猫 | chona /tʃona/ | mphaka /mpʰaka/ | paka /paka/ | katsi /katsi/ | katsi /katsi/ | pushi /puʃi/ | kiti /kiti/ |
| 鱼 | somba /somba/ | nsomba /nsomba/ | omba /omba/ | hove /hove/ | hove /hove/ | isabi /isabi/ | hove /hove/ |
| 鸟 | chiyuni /tʃijuni/ | mbalame /mɓaˈlame/ | mbalame /mbalame/ | shiri /ʃiri/ | shiri /ʃiri/ | icuni /itʃuni/ | shiri /ʃiri/ |
| 蝴蝶 | bulawura /bulawuɾa/ | gulugufe /ɡuluˈɡufe/ | bemberuwa /bemberuwa/ | shaveshave /ʃaveʃave/ | — | icipelebesha /itʃipelebeːʃa/ | berepeswa /beɾepeswa/ |
| 鸡蛋 | sumbi /sumbi/ | dzira /dzira/ | dzai /dzai/ | zai /zai/ | zai /zai/ | ilini /ilini/ | zanda /zanda/ |
| 马 | hachi /hatʃi/ | hatchi /hatʃʰi/ | kavalo /kavalo/ | bhiza /biza/ | bhiza /biza/ | kabalwe /kabalwe/ | hachi /hatʃi/ |
| 房子 | nyumba /ɲumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | nyumba /ɲumba/ | imba /imba/ | mhatso /mhatso/ | ingʼanda /iŋːanda/ | mhatso /mʰatso/ |
| 牛奶 | mkaka /m̩kaka/ | mkaka /m̩kaka/ | nkaka /nkaka/ | mukaka /mukaka/ | mukaka /mukaka/ | umukaka /umukaka/ | mukaka /mukaka/ |
| 蜂蜜 | uchi /utʃi/ | uchi /utʃi/ | uci /utʃi/ | uchi /utʃi/ | uchi /utʃi/ | ubuci /ubutʃi/ | uchi /utʃi/ |
| 盐 | mchere /m̩tʃere/ | mchere /mtʃere/ | munyu /muɲu/ | munyu /muɲu/ | munyu /muɲu/ | umucele /umutʃele/ | munyu /muɲu/ |
| 葡萄酒 | vinyo /viɲo/ | vinyo /viɲo/ | vinyu /viɲu/ | waini /waini/ | waini /waini/ | umwangashi /umwaŋɡaʃi/ | vhini /vini/ |
| 米 | mpunga /mpuŋɡa/ | mpunga /mpuŋɡa/ | mpunga /mpuŋɡa/ | mupunga /mupuŋɡa/ | mupunga /mupuŋɡa/ | umupunga /umupuŋɡa/ | mupunga /mupuŋɡa/ |
| 巧克力 | chokoleti /tʃokoleti/ | chokoleti /tʃokoleti/ | xokolati /ʃokolati/ | chokoreti /tʃokoreti/ | — | chokoleti | — |
| 铁 | chisulo /tʃiˈsulo/ | chitsulo /tʃiˈtsulo/ | utale /utale/ | simbi /ˈsimbi/ | simbi /simbi/ | icela /iˈtʃela/ | simbi /simbi/ |
| 轮子 | khwiro /kʰwiro/ | gudumu /ɡudumu/ | roda /roda/ | vhiri /viri/ | vhiri /βiri/ | umupeto /umupeto/ | vhiri /viɾi/ |
| 丝 | siliki /siliki/ | silika /silika/ | seda /seda/ | sirika /sirika/ | siriki /siriki/ | shiliki /ʃiliki/ | sirika /siɾika/ |
| 书 | buku /buku/ | buku /ˈbuku/ | bukhu /bukʰu/ | bhuku /ˈɓuku/ | bhuku /buku/ | icitabo /itʃitabo/ | tsamba /tsamba/ |
| 吃 | kurya /kuɾja/ | kudya /kudja/ | kudya /kudja/ | kudya /kudja/ | kudya /kudʒa/ | ukulya /ukulja/ | kudya /kudʒa/ |
| 喝 | kumwa /kumwa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ | kunwa /kunwa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ | ukunwa /ukunwa/ | kumwa /kumwa/ |
| 睡觉 | kugona /kuˈɡona/ | kugona /kuˈɡona/ | kugona /kuɡona/ | kurara /kuˈrara/ | rara /ˈraɾa/ | ukulaala /ukulaːla/ | kuata /kuata/ |
| 一 | chimoza /tʃimoza/ | chimodzi /tʃimodzi/ | posi /posi/ | potsi /potsi/ | rimwe /ɾimwe/ | cimo /tʃimo/ | chimwe /tʃimwe/ |
| 二 | viŵiri /viβiɾi/ | awiri /awiri/ | piŵiri /piwiri/ | piri /piri/ | piri /piri/ | fibili /fibili/ | piri /piɾi/ |
| 三 | vitatu /vitatu/ | zitatu /zitatu/ | pitatu /pitatu/ | tatu /tatu/ | tatu /tatu/ | fitatu /fitatu/ | tatu /tatu/ |
| 四 | vinayi /vinaji/ | zinayi /zinaji/ | pinai /pinai/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | fine /fine/ | rongomuna /ɾoŋɡomuna/ |
| 五 | vinkhonde /viŋkʰonde/ | sanu /sanu/ | xanu /ʃanu/ | shanu /ʃanu/ | shanu /ʃanu/ | fisano /fisano/ | shanu /ʃanu/ |
| 百 | zana /zana/ | zana /zana/ | dzana /dzana/ | zana /zana/ | zana /zana/ | umwanda /umwanda/ | zana /zana/ |
| 你好 | monire /moniɾe/ | moni /moni/ | mwadzukabwanji /mwadzukabwandʒi/ | mhoro /mʱoro/ | makadii /makadiː/ | muli shani /muli ʃani/ | mhoroi /mʰoɾoji/ |
| 谢谢 | yewo /jewo/ | zikomo /zikomo/ | ndatenda /ndatenda/ | maita /maita/ | mazviita /mazviita/ | natotela /natotela/ | ndatenda /ndatenda/ |
| 好 | chiweme /tʃiweme/ | chabwino /tʃabwino/ | nadidi /nadidi/ | chakanaka /tʃakanaka/ | kunaka /kunaka/ | cisuma /tʃisuma/ | kanaka /kanaka/ |
| 新 | chiphya /tʃipʰja/ | chatsopano /tʃatsopano/ | ipsa /ipsa/ | itsva /itsva/ | itsva /itsva/ | cipya /tʃipja/ | tsva /tsva/ |
| 红 | swesi /swesi/ | chofiira /tʃofiːra/ | funga /funɡa/ | tsvuku /tsvuku/ | tsvuku /tsvuku/ | kashika /kaʃika/ | tsvuku /tsvuku/ |
| 白 | tuŵa /tuβa/ | yoyera /joˈjeɾa/ | cena /tʃena/ | chena /tʃena/ | chena /tʃena/ | buuta /buːta/ | chena /tʃena/ |
| 黑 | fipa /fipa/ | chakuda /tʃakuda/ | psipa /psipa/ | tema /tema/ | tema /tema/ | fiita /fiːta/ | svipa /svipa/ |
| 绿 | biriŵiri /biɾiβiɾi/ | wobiriwira /wobiriwira/ | — | girini /ɡirini/ | — | katapa /katapa/ | — |
| 蓝 | bululu /bululu/ | wobiriwira /wobiriwira/ | — | bhuluu /buluː/ | — | — | — |
| 电脑 | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | komputadhori | kombiyuta /kombijuta/ | — | kompyuta /kompjuta/ | komputadhori |
| Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi | — | — | Wi-Fi | — | — | — |
| 茶 | tiyi /tiji/ | tiyi /ˈtiji/ | xaya /ʃaja/ | tii /tiː/ | — | tii /tiː/ | — |
| 咖啡 | khofi /kʰofi/ | kofi /kofi/ | kafe /kafe/ | kofi /kofi/ | — | kofi /kofi/ | khofi /kʰofi/ |
| 糖 | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | xuka /ʃuka/ | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | — | shuga /ʃuɡa/ | sikiri /sikiɾi/ |
| 橙 | olenji /olendʒi/ | lalanje /lalandʒe/ | laranja /larandʒa/ | ranjisi /randʒisi/ | — | — | — |
| 99 | makhumi ghankhonde na ghanayi na vinkhonde na vinayi /makʰumi ɣaŋkʰonde na ɣanaji na viŋkʰonde na vinaji/ | makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi /makumi asanu ndi anaji mpʰambu zisanu ndi zinaji/ | makumapfemba na mapfemba /makumapfemba na mapfemba/ | makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe /makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe/ | makumi mapfumbamwe namapfumbamwe /makumi mapfumbamwe namapfumbamwe/ | amakumi pabula na pabula /amakumi pabula na pabula/ | makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe /makumi mapfumbamwe nepfumbamwe/ |
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