Plautdietsch
indoeuropeo
Il plautdietsch (basso tedesco mennonita) è una lingua germanica occidentale basso-tedesca discendente dai dialetti della Vistola della Prussia Occidentale parlati dai mennoniti anabattisti che migrarono dai Paesi Bassi al delta della Vistola nel XVI secolo. È oggi parlato da circa 400.000 mennoniti sparsi tra Russia, Germania, Canada, USA, Messico, Paraguay, Brasile e Bolivia, tutti discendenti dei mennoniti originari della Vistola che migrarono nella Russia di Caterina la Grande negli anni 1780 e poi nelle Americhe dopo il 1874, quando il governo russo revocò la loro esenzione dal servizio militare. Il plautdietsch è insolito tra le varietà basso-tedesche per aver mantenuto una vivace trasmissione intergenerazionale interamente attraverso l'isolamento della comunità religiosa, nonostante la mancanza di qualsiasi paese d'origine. Le maggiori comunità plautdietsch contemporanee si trovano in Bolivia (~70.000, insediamenti della Vecchia Colonia di Santa Cruz) e Messico (~50.000, Chihuahua), dove i mennoniti mantengono colonie agricole e rifiutano la maggior parte della tecnologia moderna.
Dove si parla
87 parole essenziali in plautdietsch
Fonti
Parole a confronto
Confronto con lingue della stessa classificazione: indoeuropeo
| Significato | Plautdietsch | Basso tedesco | Kölsch | Tedesco di Pennsylvania | Tedesco standard svizzero | Tedesco | Tedesco dell'epoca di Lutero |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acqua | Wota /vɔta/ | Water /vɑːtɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasər/ | Wasser /ˈvasər/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /ˈvasːər/ |
| Fuoco | Fia /fia/ | Füer /fyːɐ/ | Füer /fyːɐ/ | Feier /faɪər/ | Feuer /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Fewr /ˈfɔɪ̯ər/ |
| Sole | Sonn /zɔn/ | Sünn /zʏn/ | Sonn /zɔn/ | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sonne /ˈsɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sonne /ˈzɔnə/ |
| Luna | Mon /moːn/ | Maan /maːn/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Muun /muːn/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ |
| Stella | Stearn /stæːɾn/ | Steern /steːrn/ | Stään /ʃtɛːn/ | Schtann /ʃtan/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ | Stern /ʃtɛʁn/ | Stern /ʃtɛrn/ |
| Notte | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Naach /naːx/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ | Nacht /naxt/ |
| Pioggia | Rejen /ˈɾɛɪjən/ | Regen /ˈreːɡn̩/ | Räje /ˈʁɛːjə/ | Regge /ˈrɛɡə/ | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ | Regen /ˈʁeːɡn̩/ | Regen /ˈreːɡən/ |
| Neve | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Snee /sneː/ | Schnei /ʃnaɪ/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ | Schnee /ʃneː/ |
| Vento | Wint /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnd/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ | Wind /vɪnt/ |
| Terra | Ieed /iːt/ | Eer /eːɐ/ | Ääd /ɛːt/ | Erd /ɛrt/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ | Erde /eːɐdə/ | Erde /ˈeːrdə/ |
| Pietra | Steen /stɔɪn/ | Steen /steːn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Schtee /ʃteː/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ | Stein /ʃtaɪn/ |
| Montagna | Boajch /boajç/ | Barg /barx/ | Berch /bɛʁɕ/ | Barig /ˈbarɪç/ | Berg /bɛrk/ | Berg /bɛʁk/ | Berg /bɛrk/ |
| Mare | Mäa /mɛːa/ | See /zeː/ | Meer /meːɐ/ | See /seː/ | Meer /meːr/ | Meer /meːɐ̯/ | Meer /meːr/ |
| Madre | Mutta /ˈmʊta/ | Moder /moːdɐ/ | Moder /moːdɐ/ | Mudder /mʊdər/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ |
| Padre | Voda /ˈfoːda/ | Vader /fɑːdɐ/ | Vatter /fatɐ/ | Daadi /daːdi/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ |
| Figlia | Dochta /ˈdoxta/ | Dochter /dɔxtɐ/ | Dochter /dɔxtɐ/ | Dochder /dɔxdər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtɐ/ | Tochter /ˈtɔxtər/ |
| Io | ekj /ɛc/ | ik /ɪk/ | ich /ɪɕ/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ | ich /ɪç/ |
| Tu | du /du/ | du /duː/ | do /doː/ | du /du/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ | du /duː/ |
| Noi | wie /viː/ | wi /viː/ | mir /miɐ/ | mir /miːɐ̯/ | wir /viːr/ | wir /viːɐ̯/ | wir /viːr/ |
| Nome | Nome /ˈnoːmə/ | Naam /naːm/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Naame /ˈnɔːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ | Name /ˈnaːmə/ |
| Persona | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Minsch /mɪnʃ/ | Minsch /mɪnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ | Mensch /mɛnʃ/ |
| Testa | Kopp /kɔp/ | Kopp /kɔp/ | Kopp /kɔp/ | Kopp /kɔp/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Kopf /kɔpf/ | Heubt /hɔɪ̯pt/ |
| Occhio | Uag /uak/ | Oog /oːx/ | Auch /aʊx/ | Aag /ɔːk/ | Auge /ˈaʊɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Aug /aʊk/ |
| Orecchio | Oa /oːa/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Uhr /uːɐ/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːr/ | Ohr /oːɐ̯/ | Ohr /oːr/ |
| Naso | Näs /nɛːs/ | Nees /neːs/ | Nas /nas/ | Naas /nɔːs/ | Nase /ˈnaːsə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ | Nase /ˈnaːzə/ |
| Bocca | Mul /muːl/ | Muul /muːl/ | Muul /muːl/ | Maul /maʊl/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ | Mund /mʊnt/ |
| Dente | Tän /tɛn/ | Tähn /tɛːn/ | Zang /tsaŋ/ | Zaah /tsɔː/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ | Zahn /tsaːn/ |
| Lingua | Tung /tʊŋ/ | Tung /tʊŋ/ | Zung /tsʊŋ/ | Zung /tsuŋ/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ | Zunge /ˈtsʊŋə/ |
| Mano | Haunt /haʊnt/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hant/ | Handt /hant/ |
| Piede | Foot /foːt/ | Foot /fɔʊ̯t/ | Foß /foːs/ | Fuuss /fuːs/ | Fuss /fuːs/ | Fuß /fuːs/ | Fus /fuːs/ |
| Cuore | Hoat /hoat/ | Hart /haɐt/ | Hätz /hɛts/ | Hatz /hats/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛʁts/ | Hertz /hɛrts/ |
| Osso | Knoaken /ˈknoakən/ | Knaken /ˈknaːkən/ | Knoche /ˈknɔxə/ | Gnoche /ˈɡnoxə/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Knochen /ˈknɔxən/ | Bein /baɪn/ |
| Sangue | Bloot /bloːt/ | Bloot /bloːt/ | Blot /bloːt/ | Blut /blut/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ | Blut /bluːt/ |
| Cacca | Kak /kak/ | Schiet /ʃiːt/ | Driss /dʁɪs/ | — /—/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Kacke /ˈkakə/ | Dreck /drɛk/ |
| Amore | Leew /leːf/ | Leev /leːf/ | Leev /leːf/ | liewe /liːvə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ |
| Albero | Boom /boːm/ | Boom /boːm/ | Boum /baʊm/ | Baam /ˈbɔːm/ | Baum /baʊm/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Bawm /baʊm/ |
| Cane | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hongk /hoŋk/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ |
| Gatto | Kaut /kaʊt/ | Katt /kat/ | Katz /kats/ | Katz /kats/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ | Katze /katsə/ | Katze /ˈkatsə/ |
| Pesce | Fesch /fɛʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fesch /fɛʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ | Fisch /fɪʃ/ |
| Uccello | Voagel /foəɡəl/ | Vagel /ˈfaːɣəl/ | Vugel /fʊɡəl/ | Voggel /fɔɡəl/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡl̩/ | Vogel /ˈfoːɡəl/ |
| Farfalla | Sommavoagel /ˈzɔmafoəɡəl/ | Sommervagel /ˈzɔmɐfaːɣəl/ | — | Fleddermaus /ˈflɛdərmaʊs/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtərlɪŋ/ | Schmetterling /ˈʃmɛtɐlɪŋ/ | Pfeifholter /ˈpfaɪfhɔltər/ |
| Uovo | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /ai/ | Ei /ai/ | Oi /ɔɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ei /aɪ/ | Ey /aɪ̯/ |
| Orso | Boa /boːa/ | Boor /boːr/ | Bär /bɛːɐ/ | Baer /bɛːr/ | Bär /bɛːr/ | Bär /bɛːɐ̯/ | Bär /bɛːr/ |
| Cavallo | Pieet /piːt/ | Peerd /peːrt/ | Pääd /pɛːt/ | Gaul /ɡaʊ̯l/ | Pferd /pfeːrt/ | Pferd /pfeːɐ̯t/ | Pferd /pfeːrt/ |
| Casa | Hus /huːs/ | Huus /huːs/ | Huus /huːs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Hauß /haʊs/ |
| Latte | Malkj /malc/ | Melk /mɛlk/ | Milesch /ˈmɪləʃ/ | Millich /ˈmɪlɪç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ | Milch /mɪlç/ |
| Miele | Honnich /ˈhɔnɪç/ | Honnig /ˈhɔnɪç/ | Honnich /ˈhɔnɪɕ/ | Hunnich /ˈhʊnɪç/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪç/ | Honig /ˈhoːnɪk/ |
| Sale | Solt /zolt/ | Solt /zɔlt/ | Salz /zalts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /salts/ | Salz /zalts/ | Saltz /zalts/ |
| Vino | Wien /viːn/ | Wien /viːn/ | Wing /vɪŋ/ | Wei /vaɪ/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ | Wein /vaɪ̯n/ |
| Riso | Riess /ɾiːs/ | Ries /riːs/ | — | Reis /raɪs/ | Reis /raɪs/ | Reis /ʁaɪs/ | Reis /raɪs/ |
| Cioccolato | Schaklitz /ˈʃaklɪts/ | Schokolaad /ʃokoˈlaːt/ | Schokolad /ʃokoˈlaːt/ | — | Schokolade /ʃokoˈlaːdə/ | Schokolade /ʃokoˈlaːdə/ | — |
| Ferro | Iesa /ˈiːza/ | Iesen /ˈiːzn̩/ | Ieser /ˈiːzɐ/ | Eise /ˈaɪsə/ | Eisen /ˈaɪsən/ | Eisen /ˈaɪ̯zn̩/ | Eisen /ˈaɪzən/ |
| Ruota | Raut /ɾaʊt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | Raad /rɔːt/ | Rad /raːt/ | Rad /ʁaːt/ | Rad /raːt/ |
| Seta | Sied /ziːt/ | Sied /ziː/ | — | — /—/ | Seide /ˈsaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ | Seide /ˈzaɪdə/ |
| Libro | Buak /buak/ | Book /boːk/ | Booch /boːx/ | Buch /bux/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ | Buch /buːx/ |
| Mangiare | äten /ɛːtən/ | eten /eːtn̩/ | esse /ɛsə/ | esse /ɛsə/ | essen /ˈɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ˈɛsːən/ |
| Bere | drinken /dɾɪŋkən/ | drinken /drɪŋkn̩/ | drinke /dʁɪŋkə/ | drinke /drɪŋkə/ | trinken /ˈtrɪŋkn̩/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trincken /ˈtrɪŋkən/ |
| Dormire | schlopen /ˈʃlɔːpm̩/ | slapen /ˈslaːpn̩/ | schlofe /ˈʃlɔfə/ | schlofe /ˈʃlɔfə/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlafen /ˈʃlaːfn̩/ | schlaffen /ˈʃlafən/ |
| Uno | eent /eːnt/ | een /eːn/ | ein /aɪn/ | eens /eːns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eyn /aɪ̯n/ |
| Due | twee /tveː/ | twee /tveː/ | zwei /tsvai/ | zwee /tsveː/ | zwei /tsvaɪ̯/ | zwei /tsvaɪ/ | zwey /tsvaɪ/ |
| Tre | dree /dɾeː/ | dree /dreː/ | dree /dʁeː/ | drei /draɪ/ | drei /draɪ̯/ | drei /dʁaɪ̯/ | drei /draɪ/ |
| Quattro | vea /fɘɪɐ/ | veer /feːɐ̯/ | veer /feːʁ/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːr/ | vier /fiːɐ̯/ | vier /fiːr/ |
| Cinque | fief /fiːf/ | fief /fiːf/ | fönnef /ˈfœnəf/ | fimf /fɪmf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünf /fʏnf/ | fünff /fʏnf/ |
| Cento | hundat /ˈhʊndat/ | hunnert /ˈhʊnɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hunnert /ˈhʊnərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndɐt/ | hundert /ˈhʊndərt/ |
| Ciao | Goondach /ɡoːndax/ | Moin /mɔɪn/ | Tach /tax/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Hallo /haˈloː/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Gott zum Gruß /ɡɔt tsʊm ɡruːs/ |
| Grazie | Donk /dɔŋk/ | Dankschöön /daŋkʃøːn/ | Dankeschön /daŋkəʃøːn/ | Denki /dɛŋki/ | danke /ˈdaŋkə/ | danke /daŋkə/ | Danck /daŋk/ |
| Buono | goot /ɡoːt/ | goot /ɡoːt/ | joot /joːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ |
| Nuovo | nie /niː/ | nee /neː/ | neu /nøʏ/ | nei /naɪ/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | neu /nɔɪ̯/ | new /nɔɪ̯/ |
| Rosso | root /ɾoːt/ | root /roːt/ | rud /ʁuːt/ | rot /rot/ | rot /roːt/ | rot /ʁoːt/ | rot /roːt/ |
| Bianco | witt /vɪt/ | witt /vɪt/ | wieß /viːs/ | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiss /vaɪs/ | weiß /vaɪs/ | weis /vaɪ̯s/ |
| Nero | schwoat /ʃvɔɐ̯t/ | swart /svart/ | schwatz /ʃvats/ | schwatz /ʃvats/ | schwarz /ʃvarts/ | schwarz /ʃvaʁts/ | schwartz /ʃvarts/ |
| Verde | jreen /jɾeːn/ | gröön /ɡrøːn/ | jröön /jʁøːn/ | grie /ɡriː/ | grün /ɡryːn/ | grün /ɡʁyːn/ | grün /ɡryːn/ |
| Blu | bleiw /blɛɪ̯f/ | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blɔu/ | bloh /bloː/ | blau /blaʊ/ | blau /blaʊ̯/ | blau /blaʊ/ |
| Cuculo | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kukuk /ˈkuːkuk/ | — | — | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | Kuckuck /ˈkʊkʊk/ | gukuk /ˈɡʊkʊk/ |
| Computer | Komputa /ˈkɔmpyta/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /komˈpjuːtɐ/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtər/ | Computer /kɔmˈpjuːtɐ/ | Rechenmeister /ˈrɛçənˌmaɪstər/ |
| Tè | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ | Tee /teː/ | — |
| Caffè | Koffe /ˈkɔfə/ | Koffie /ˈkɔfi/ | Kaffe /ˈkafə/ | Kaffi /ˈkafi/ | Kaffee /ˈkafe/ | Kaffee /ˈkafeː/ | — |
| Zucchero | Zocka /ˈtsɔka/ | Sucker /ˈzʊkɐ/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | Zucker /tsʊkər/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkɐ/ | Zucker /ˈtsʊkər/ |
| Arancia | Aupelsien /ˈaʊpəlzin/ | Apelsien /apəlˈziːn/ | Appelsin /apəlˈsiːn/ | Arrentsch /ˈarəntʃ/ | Orange /oˈraŋʒə/ | Orange /oˈʁãːʒə/ | Pomeranze /pɔməˈrantsə/ |
| 99 | näajen-un-näajentich /ˈnɛːajənʊnˌnɛːajəntɪç/ | negenunnegentig /ˈneːɡn̩ʊnˌneːɡn̩tɪç/ | — | nein un neinzich /naɪn ʊn naɪntsɪç/ | neunundneunzig /ˈnɔɪ̯nʊntˌnɔɪ̯ntsɪk/ | neunundneunzig /ˈnɔʏnʊntˌnɔʏntsɪç/ | — |
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