ꨌꩌ
Cham oriental
Austronésia (Malaio-polinésio, Chamic)
O cham oriental, também chamado cham de Phan Rang (ISO 639-3: cjm), é uma língua châmica austronésia falada sobretudo nas províncias de Ninh Thuận e Bình Thuận, no centro-sul do Vietnã. É distinto do cham ocidental (cja), centrado no Camboja, e seus falantes incluem comunidades Ahiér ou Balamon, Awal ou Bani e pessoas de outras afiliações religiosas. A abugida tradicional akhar thrah, descendente de escritas brâmicas do sul da Índia, é usada em manuscritos e ensino comunitário; a transcrição latina também aparece em trabalhos linguísticos e educacionais. O longo contato com o vietnamita reestruturou as palavras e produziu contrastes de fonação ou registro; algumas análises falam em tonalidade incipiente, portanto a classificação categórica “não tonal” é simples demais. O cham oriental não tem estatuto oficial nacional e a transmissão varia enquanto o vietnamita domina cada vez mais a escola e a vida pública.
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em cham oriental
Fontes
- Ethnologue: cjm
- Thurgood (1999) From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects
- Brunelle (2009) Tone perception in Eastern Cham
Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Austronésia (Malaio-polinésio, Chamic)
| Significado | Cham oriental | Cham ocidental | Cham antigo | Minangkabau | Malaio antigo | Ibã | Musi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | ꨀꨳꨩ /ʔiaː/ | ايا /ja/ | ie /ʔiə/ | aia /aia/ | air /air/ | ai /ai/ | ayek /ajek/ |
| Fogo | ꨀꨚꨶꨬ /apuei/ | افوي /apuei/ | apuy /ʔapuj/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ | api /api/ |
| Sol | ꨀꨕꨪꨓꨳꩀ /aɗitiaʔ/ | أديتياء /aditiak/ | huriy /hurij/ | matoari /matoaɾi/ | matari /matari/ | mata-ari /mataari/ | matahari /matahari/ |
| Lua | ꨝꨪꨤꩆ /ɓilan/ | بيلن /bilan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Estrela | ꨝꨪꨓꨭꩀ /ɓituʔ/ | فتاۛء /patɨʔ/ | bituk /bituʔ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ |
| Noite | ꨠꨤꩌ /mələm/ | مالم /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malam /malam/ | malem /maləm/ |
| Vento | ꨀꨋꨪꩆ /ʔaŋin/ | أڠين /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | — | angin /aŋin/ | angin /aŋin/ |
| Terra | ꨓꨘꩍ /tanah/ | تانه /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | — | tanah /tanah/ | tanah /tanah/ |
| Pedra | ꨝꨓꨭꨥ /ɓatuw/ | فتاو /patau/ | batau /batau/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ | batu /ˈbatu/ | batu /batu/ |
| Montanha | ꨌꨮꩀ /cəʔ/ | — | — | gunuang /ɡunuaŋ/ | — | bukit /bukit/ | gunung /ɡunuŋ/ |
| Mar | ꨓꨧꨪꩀ /tasiʔ/ | — | — | lauik /lauiʔ/ | — | tasik /tasik/ | laot /laot/ |
| Mãe | ꨀꨟꨰꩀ /ameʔ/ | ماي /mai/ | inā /ina/ | amak /amaʔ/ | ibu /ibu/ | indai /indai/ | mak /mak/ |
| Pai | ꨀꨟꨲ /amɨ/ | أمآ /amaː/ | amā /ama/ | abak /abaʔ/ | bapa /bapa/ | apai /apai/ | bapak /bapak/ |
| Eu | ꨕꨨꨵꩀ /ɗahlaʔ/ | كاو /kɔw/ | ku /ku/ | ambo /ambo/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ | aku /aku/ |
| Tu | ꨨꨲ /hɨ/ | هاۛ /hɨ/ | hã /haː/ | ang /aŋ/ | kamu /kamu/ | nuan /nuan/ | kau /kau/ |
| Nós | ꨁꨓꨩ /itaː/ | دري /drej/ | — /—/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | kitai / kami /kitai / kami/ | kito / kami /kito / kami/ |
| Nome | ꨀꨋꩆ /aŋan/ | أڠن /aŋan/ | angan /aŋan/ | namo /namo/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | nama /nama/ | namo /namo/ |
| Pessoa | ꨂꨣꩃ /ʔuraːŋ/ | — | urāṅ /uraːŋ/ | urang /uraŋ/ | — | orang /ˈoraŋ/ | wong /woŋ/ |
| Cabeça | ꨀꨆꨯꨱꩀ /akɔʔ/ | — | — | kapalo /kapalo/ | — | pala /pala/ | palak /palak/ |
| Olho | ꨟꨓꨩ /mətaː/ | متا /mata/ | matā /mata/ | mato /mato/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mato /mato/ |
| Orelha | ꨓꨊꨪ /taŋi/ | — | — | talingo /taliŋo/ | — | pending /pəndiŋ/ | telingo /teliŋo/ |
| Dente | ꨓꨈꨬ /taɡaj/ | تڬي /taɡɛj/ | tagai /taɡaj/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | ngeliʼ /ŋeliʔ/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ |
| Língua | ꨕꨤꩍ /dalah/ | دله /dalah/ | dalah /dalah/ | lidah /lidah/ | lidah /lidah/ | dilah /dilah/ | lidah /lidah/ |
| Mão | ꨓꨊꨪꩆ /taŋin/ | تاڠين /taŋin/ | taŋin /taŋin/ | tangan /taŋan/ | tangan /taŋan/ | jari /dʒari/ | tangan /taŋan/ |
| Pé | ꨓꨆꨰ /takai/ | تاكاي /takai/ | takai /takai/ | kaki /kaki/ | — | kaki /kaki/ | — |
| Coração | ꨨꨓꨰ /hatai/ | هتاي /hatai/ | hatai /hatai/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ | ati /ati/ | hati /hati/ |
| Osso | ꨓꨤꩃ /talaŋ/ | تلڠ /talaŋ/ | talang /talaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ |
| Sangue | ꨕꨣꩍ /darah/ | دره /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ | darah /darah/ |
| Amor | ꨀꨘꨪꩅ /anit/ | ڬاوه /ɡauh/ | klɛn /klɛn/ | cinto /tʃinto/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | rinduai /rinduai/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ |
| Árvore | ꨆꨢꨮꨭ /kajauː/ | كايو /kajuv/ | phuəŋ /pʰuəŋ/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ | kayu /kaju/ |
| Cão | ꨀꨧꨮꨭ /ʔasaw/ | أتحو /atʰuv/ | asuv /asuw/ | anjiang /aɲdʒiaŋ/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | ukui /ukui/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ |
| Gato | ꨟꨢꨥ /mɨjaw/ | ميٛو /meuv/ | mɛw /mɛw/ | kuciang /kutʃiaŋ/ | — /—/ | mayau /majau/ | kucing /kutʃiŋ/ |
| Peixe | ꨁꨆꩆ /ikan/ | كان /kan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ | ikan /ˈikan/ |
| Pássaro | ꨌꨳꨪꩌ /ciːm/ | — | cim /tʃim/ | buruang /buruaŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ | burung /buruŋ/ |
| Casa | ꨧꩃ /saːŋ/ | تحاڠ /tʰaŋ/ | sɔŋ /sɔŋ/ | rumah /ɾumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ | rumah /rumah/ |
| Arroz | ꨝꨴꩍ /brah/ | — | — | bareh /bareh/ | — | beras /bəras/ | beras /bəras/ |
| Ferro | ꨝꨪꨧꨬ /bisei/ | — | — | basi /ˈbasi/ | — | besi /ˈbəsi/ | besi /bəsi/ |
| Comer | ꨨꨶꩀ /huaʔ/ | هواء /huak/ | bɔh /bɔh/ | makan /makan/ | makan /makan/ | makai /makai/ | makan /makan/ |
| Beber | ꨟꨑꨭꩌ /mɨɲum/ | ماوم /maum/ | mɛnum /mɛnum/ | minum /minum/ | minum /minum/ | ngirup /ŋirup/ | minum /minum/ |
| Um | ꨧ /saː/ | تحا /tʰa/ | sa /sa/ | ciek /tʃieʔ/ | sa /sa/ | satu /satu/ | siko /siko/ |
| Dois | ꨕꨶ /duaː/ | ڎوا /ɗuə/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ | dua /dua/ | dua /dua/ | duo /duo/ |
| Três | ꨆꨵꨯꨱ /klɔw/ | كلاو /klaw/ | klau /klau/ | tigo /tiɡo/ | tlu /tlu/ | tiga /tiɡa/ | tigo /tiɡo/ |
| Quatro | ꨚꩀ /paʔ/ | — | pāt /paːt/ | ampek /ampeʔ/ | mpat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ | empat /əmpat/ |
| Cinco | ꨤꨪꨟꨩ /limɨ/ | لاماۛ /lamɨː/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ |
| Cem | ꨣꨪꨓꨭꩍ /rituh/ | — | — | saratuih /saratuih/ | ratus /ratus/ | seratus /səratus/ | seratus /səratus/ |
| Olá | ꨦꨤꩌ /salam/ | سلام /salam/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | — /—/ | salam /salam/ | halo /halo/ |
| Obrigado | ꨙꨶ ꨜꨲꩊ /ɗua pʰuəl/ | تريما كاسيه /tarima kasiʔ/ | — /—/ | tarimo kasiah /taɾimo kasiah/ | — /—/ | terima kasih /tərima kasih/ | terimo kasih /terimo kasih/ |
| Bom | ꨧꨳꩌ /siam/ | سيام /siam/ | siam /siam/ | rancak /ɾantʃaʔ/ | baik /baik/ | manah /manah/ | bagus /baɡus/ |
| Novo | ꨝꨣꨭꨥ /ɓaruw/ | باهاو /bahau/ | — | baru /baru/ | — | baru /baru/ | anyar /aɲar/ |
| Vermelho | ꨟꨣꨳꩍ /mɨriah/ | ماۛرياه /mɨriah/ | mưriah /mɨriah/ | sirah /siɾah/ | merah /merah/ | mirah /miɾah/ | merah /ˈmerah/ |
| Branco | ꨚꨓꨪꩍ /patih/ | — | patih /patih/ | putiah /putiah/ | putih /putih/ | burak /burak/ | putih /putih/ |
| Chá | ꨌꨰꩈ /cɛː/ | — | — | teh /teh/ | — | te /te/ | — |
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