Ixil
maia (mam, mam maior — ixil)
O ixil é uma língua maia do ramo mameano, falada nas montanhas dos Cuchumatanes, no noroeste da Guatemala, nas três cidades de Nebaj, Chajul e San Juan Cotzal, conhecidas como o "Triângulo Ixil". O povo ixil esteve entre as comunidades mais duramente atacadas durante a Guerra Civil da Guatemala (1960-1996); cerca de 5,5% da população ixil foi morta durante o genocídio do início da década de 1980 sob o general Ríos Montt — condenado em 2013 por genocídio contra os ixis (veredicto posteriormente anulado, mas condenação historicamente confirmada). Três variedades principais: Nebaj (a mais documentada), Chajul e Cotzal. Alinhamento ergativo-absolutivo e morfologia verbal aspectual complexa.
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em ixil
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Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: maia (mam, mam maior — ixil)
| Significado | Ixil | Aguacateco | Uspanteco | Kaqchikel | Mam | Kʼicheʼ | Q'anjob'al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | yaʼ /jaʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ |
| Fogo | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ |
| Sol | qʼii /qʼiː/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ |
| Lua | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | ixaw /iʂaw/ |
| Estrela | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | txʼumel /ʈʂʼumel/ |
| Noite | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼaʼ /aqʼaʔ/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼalil /aqʼɓalil/ |
| Chuva | jabʼal /haɓal/ | abʼal /aɓal/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | nabʼ /naɓ/ |
| Neve | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ | — | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | saq tew /saq tew/ | chew /tʃew/ |
| Vento | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ | tew /tew/ | kaqʼiqʼ /kaqʼiqʼ/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | kaqʼeʼ /kaqʼeʔ/ |
| Terra | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /ulew/ | txʼotxʼ /ʈʂʼoʈʂʼ/ |
| Pedra | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | abäj /aˈɓəx/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | chʼen /tʃʼen/ |
| Montanha | vitz /vits/ | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyuʼ /xuˈjuʔ/ | wutz /wuts/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | witz /wits/ |
| Mar | mar /mar/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ | mar /mar/ | palow /palow/ | plow /plow/ | plo /plo/ | txutxaʼ /ʈʂuʈʂaʔ/ |
| Mãe | naʼ /naʔ/ | naa /naː/ | nan /nan/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | nan /nan/ | nan /nan/ | mim /mim/ |
| Pai | baʼ /baʔ/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | tataʼ /tataʔ/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ |
| Filha | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | kutzʼin /kutsʼin/ |
| Eu | in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | rïn /rɪn/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ | ayin /ʔajin/ |
| Tu | axh /aʃ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | at /at/ | rat /rat/ | aya /aˈja/ | at /at/ | hach /hatʃ/ |
| Nós | oʼ /oʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | oj /ox/ | röj /rʊx/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | uj /ux/ | ayonh /ʔajoŋ/ |
| Nome | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼi /ɓi/ |
| Pessoa | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ | wunaq /wunaq/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | winäq /wiˈnəq/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | winaq /winaq/ | anima /anima/ |
| Cabeça | viʼ /viʔ/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | jolom /xolom/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | jolom /xolom/ | jolom /xolom/ |
| Olho | vusal /vusal/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | wach /watʃ/ | runaqʼ ruwäch /runaqʼ ruwətʃ/ | witz /wits/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | sat /sat/ |
| Orelha | xikin /ʃikin/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | txikin /ʈʂikin/ |
| Nariz | juʼ /χuʔ/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | tzaʼn /tsaʔn/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | txam /ʈʂam/ |
| Boca | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ |
| Dente | eh /eh/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | e /e/ | ey /ej/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ware /waɾe/ | eʼ /eʔ/ |
| Língua | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mão | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ |
| Pé | oj /oχ/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqän /aqən/ | qan /qan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ |
| Coração | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | anma /anma/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | kʼulul /kʼulul/ |
| Osso | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | kaq /kaq/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | kïkʼ /kɪkʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ |
| Cocô | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | — | — | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | achaq /atʃaq/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Amor | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | ajowabʼäl /axowaɓəl/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ |
| Árvore | tze /tse/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ |
| Cão | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /ʈʂʼiʔ/ |
| Gato | mees /meːs/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | mes /mes/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mes /mes/ |
| Peixe | chay /tʃaj/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kar/ | kar /kar/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | kar /kaɾ/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Pássaro | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Borboleta | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ | slup /slup/ | — | palamax /palamaʃ/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | pepe /pepe/ | tzolol /tsolol/ |
| Ovo | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | saqmoloʼ /saqmoloʔ/ | jos /xos/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | jos /xos/ |
| Urso | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Cavalo | kaay /kaːj/ | chej /tʃeh/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | kej /kex/ | chej /tʃex/ | kej /kex/ | chej /tʃex/ |
| Casa | kabʼal /kaɓal/ | nya /ɲa/ | jaa /haː/ | jay /xaj/ | jaa /haː/ | ja /xa/ | na /na/ |
| Leite | chʼuʼ /tʃʼuʔ/ | lech /letʃ/ | lech /letʃ/ | leche /ˈletʃe/ | taʼl imaj /taʔl imax/ | leche /letʃe/ | — |
| Mel | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | yalkabʼ /jalkaɓ/ |
| Sal | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Vinho | vino /ˈbino/ | win /win/ | vin /bin/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ |
| Arroz | arus /arus/ | arros /aros/ | — | arroz /aˈros/ | arros /aros/ | arroz /aros/ | — |
| Ferro | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kxbʼil /kʃɓil/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | — |
| Seda | seda /ˈseda/ | — | — | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | xela /ʃela/ | — |
| Livro | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ | liwr /liwr/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | wuj /wux/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | wuj /wux/ | un /un/ |
| Comer | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ | wii /wiː/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | waʼin /waʔin/ | waan /waːn/ | tijow /tixow/ | lo /lo/ |
| Beber | ucha /utʃa/ | uuk /uːk/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | kumun /kumun/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uku /uku/ |
| Dormir | wat /wat/ | watl /waːtl/ | war /war/ | war /war/ | ktan /ktan/ | war /waɾ/ | way /waj/ |
| Um | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Dois | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kaʼiʼ /kaʔiʔ/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Três | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxiʼ /oʃiʔ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxebʼ /oʂeɓ/ |
| Quatro | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ | kyaj /kjah/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kajiʼ /kaxiʔ/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kanebʼ /kaneɓ/ |
| Cinco | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | woʼoʼ /woʔoʔ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | oyebʼ /ojeɓ/ |
| Cem | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | wokʼal /wokʼal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | okʼal /okʼal/ |
| Olá | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | utz iwäch /uts iwətʃ/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | kawal /kawal/ |
| Obrigado | tantixh /tantiʃ/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | matyox /matjoʃ/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | yuhwal /juhwal/ |
| Bom | utzʼ /utsʼ/ | balaj /balah/ | tzi /tsi/ | ütz /ʊts/ | banix /baniʃ/ | utz /uts/ | watxʼ /waʈʂʼ/ |
| Novo | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | kʼakʼaʼ /kʼakʼaʔ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Vermelho | kaq /kaq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | käq /kəq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Branco | saj /saχ/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | säq /səq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ |
| Preto | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | räx /rəʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʂ/ |
| Açúcar | asukaal /asukaːl/ | — | — | kʼajkabʼ /kʼaxkaɓ/ | azúcar /aˈsukar/ | asukal /asukal/ | — |
| 99 | bʼelelaval toʼkʼal /ɓelelaʋal toʔkʼal/ | jun mutxʼ tu belujlaj /hun muʈʂʼ tu beluhlah/ | junmuchʼ bʼelejlajuj /hunmutʃʼ ɓelexlaxux/ | — | — | junmuchʼ bʼelej lajuj /xunmutʃʼ ɓelex laxux/ | — |
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