Q'anjob'al
Maia
O q'anjob'al é uma língua maia do ramo q'anjob'alano-chujeano, falada nas terras altas montanhosas dos Cuchumatanes, em Huehuetenango, na Guatemala. A comunidade q'anjob'al foi gravemente afetada pelo genocídio da Guerra Civil guatemalteca da década de 1980, o que levou a uma migração substancial para os Estados Unidos, onde Los Angeles e São Francisco albergam hoje importantes populações da diáspora. Linguisticamente, o q'anjob'al apresenta traços maias típicos e é a maior língua q'anjob'alano-chujeana. A obra de referência de Mateo-Toledo de 2008 sobre a sintaxe do q'anjob'al é a principal documentação moderna.
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| Significado | Q'anjob'al | Uspanteco | Aguacateco | Kʼicheʼ | Tzeltal | Mam | Ixil |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | jaʼ /xaʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ | aʼ /aʔ/ |
| Fogo | qʼaʼ /qʼaʔ/ | qʼaaqʼ /qʼaːqʼ/ | qʼaq /qʼaq/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | qʼaqʼ /qʼaqʼ/ | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ |
| Sol | kʼuʼ /kʼuʔ/ | qʼiij /qʼiːh/ | qʼijl /qʼihl/ | qʼij /qʼix/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | qʼij /qʼih/ | qʼii /qʼiː/ |
| Lua | ixaw /iʂaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | xahaw /ʃahaw/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | u /u/ | xjaw /ʃaw/ | ichʼ /itʃʼ/ |
| Estrela | txʼumel /ʈʂʼumel/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ | chʼumil /tʃʼumil/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | cheʼw /tʃeʔw/ | chumiil /tʃumiːl/ |
| Noite | aqʼbʼalil /aqʼɓalil/ | laqʼabʼ /laqʼaɓ/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ | aqʼabʼ /aqʼaɓ/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | qonikʼen /qonikʼən/ | aqʼbʼal /aqʼɓal/ |
| Chuva | nabʼ /naɓ/ | jabʼ /haɓ/ | abʼal /aɓal/ | jabʼ /xaɓ/ | jaʼal /haʔal/ | jbʼal /ʃɓal/ | jabʼal /haɓal/ |
| Neve | chew /tʃew/ | chun tew /tʃun tew/ | — | saq tew /saq tew/ | — | txa cheʼw /tʃa tʃeʔw/ | txuncheʼv /tʃuntʃeʔv/ |
| Vento | kaqʼeʼ /kaqʼeʔ/ | tew /tew/ | kyeqʼeqʼ /kjeqʼeqʼ/ | iqʼ /iqʼ/ | ikʼ /ʔikʼ/ | kyqʼiqʼ /kʲqʼiqʼ/ | kajiqʼ /kahiqʼ/ |
| Terra | txʼotxʼ /ʈʂʼoʈʂʼ/ | ulew /uleːw/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | ulew /ulew/ | lum /lum/ | txʼotxʼ /tʃʼotʃʼ/ | txʼavaʼ /tʃʼaʋaʔ/ |
| Pedra | chʼen /tʃʼen/ | ábʼaj /ˈáɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | ton /ton/ | abʼaj /aɓax/ | kʼubʼ /kʼuɓ/ |
| Montanha | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | witz /wits/ | juyubʼ /xujuɓ/ | wits /wits/ | wutz /wuts/ | vitz /vits/ |
| Mar | txutxaʼ /ʈʂuʈʂaʔ/ | mar /mar/ | pitzʼpuj aʼ /pitsʼpuh aʔ/ | plo /plo/ | mar /mar/ | plow /plow/ | mar /mar/ |
| Mãe | mim /mim/ | nan /nan/ | naa /naː/ | nan /nan/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Pai | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | mam /mam/ | baʼ /baʔ/ |
| Filha | kutzʼin /kutsʼin/ | rabʼin /raɓin/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | miʼal /miʔal/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | meʼal /meʔal/ | meʼal /meʔal/ |
| Eu | ayin /ʔajin/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | in /in/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | aqiin /aˈqiːn/ | in /in/ |
| Tu | hach /hatʃ/ | at /at/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | at /at/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | aya /aˈja/ | axh /aʃ/ |
| Nós | ayonh /ʔajoŋ/ | oj /ox/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | uj /ux/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | aqoʼ /aˈqoʔ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ |
| Nome | bʼi /ɓi/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼiʼ /ɓiʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | biʼ /ɓiʔ/ | bʼii /ɓiː/ |
| Pessoa | anima /anima/ | kristyan /kristjan/ | wunaq /wunaq/ | winaq /winaq/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | xjaal /ʃxaːl/ | uxhchil /uʃtʃil/ |
| Cabeça | jolom /xolom/ | bʼaa /ɓaː/ | wiʼaj /wiʔah/ | jolom /xolom/ | jol /hol/ | wiʼ /wiʔ/ | viʼ /viʔ/ |
| Olho | sat /sat/ | wach /watʃ/ | witzʼ /witsʼ/ | bʼaqʼwach /ɓaqʼwatʃ/ | sit /sit/ | witz /wits/ | vusal /vusal/ |
| Orelha | txikin /ʈʂikin/ | xikiin /ʃikiːn/ | xhchin /ʃtʃin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xkyin /ʃkʲin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nariz | txam /ʈʂam/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ | tzaʼm /tsaʔm/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | txaʼn /tʃaʔn/ | juʼ /χuʔ/ |
| Boca | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tziʼaj /tsiʔah/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ | tziʼ /tsiʔ/ |
| Dente | eʼ /eʔ/ | e /e/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | ware /waɾe/ | ehal /ehal/ | eʼ /eʔ/ | eh /eh/ |
| Língua | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ | aqʼ /aqʼ/ |
| Mão | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼaabʼ /qʼaːɓ/ | qʼab /qʼab/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | qʼobʼ /qʼoɓ/ | qʼabʼ /qʼaɓ/ |
| Pé | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | aqan /aqan/ | ok /ok/ | qan /qan/ | oj /oχ/ |
| Coração | kʼulul /kʼulul/ | kʼuʼx /kʼuʔʃ/ | kʼuum /kʼuːm/ | animaʼ /animaʔ/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | anma /anma/ | vatzʼ /vatsʼ/ |
| Osso | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaaq /ɓaːq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bak /ɓak/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ | bʼaq /ɓaq/ |
| Sangue | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chichʼ /tʃitʃʼ/ | kikʼ /kikʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chikʼ /tʃikʼ/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Cocô | tzaʼ /tsaʔ/ | — | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | achaq /atʃaq/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | txaʼ /tʃaʔ/ |
| Amor | kamkʼulal /kamkʼulal/ | lóqʼ /lóqʼ/ | xajan /ʃahan/ | loqʼoj /loqʼox/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | oqxan /oqʃan/ | kuxhewchʼa /kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Árvore | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | tzeʼ /tseʔ/ | tze /tse/ |
| Cão | txʼiʼ /ʈʂʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ | tzʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | txʼyan /tʃʼjan/ | txʼiʼ /tʃʼiʔ/ |
| Gato | mes /mes/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | meʼs /meʔs/ | mis /mis/ | wiix /wiːʃ/ | mees /meːs/ |
| Peixe | chay /tʃaj/ | kar /kar/ | kay /kaj/ | kar /kaɾ/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kyiẍ /kjiʃ/ | chay /tʃaj/ |
| Pássaro | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | chʼuʼl /tʃʼuʔl/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ | mut /mut/ | chʼit /tʃʼit/ | tzʼikin /tsʼikin/ |
| Borboleta | tzolol /tsolol/ | — | slup /slup/ | pepe /pepe/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | pakaʼl /pakaʔl/ | naaviʼ /naːviʔ/ |
| Ovo | jos /xos/ | saqmolobʼ /saqmoloɓ/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ | saqmoʼl /saqmoʔl/ | tomut /tomut/ | jos /xos/ | kʼolobʼ /kʼoloɓ/ |
| Urso | oso /oso/ | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Cavalo | chej /tʃex/ | kwaʼy /kwaʔj/ | chej /tʃeh/ | kej /kex/ | kawu /kawu/ | chej /tʃex/ | kaay /kaːj/ |
| Casa | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ | nya /ɲa/ | ja /xa/ | na /na/ | jaa /haː/ | kabʼal /kaɓal/ |
| Mel | yalkabʼ /jalkaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | taʼl xiiʼ /taʔl ʃiːʔ/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ |
| Sal | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | aatzʼum /aːtsʼum/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atzʼan /atsʼan/ | atzʼam /atsʼam/ |
| Vinho | vino /bino/ | vin /bin/ | win /win/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ |
| Roda | rueda /rweda/ | — | toloʼ /toloʔ/ | — | — | — | — |
| Livro | un /un/ | wuuj /wuːx/ | liwr /liwr/ | wuj /wux/ | jun /hun/ | uʼjbʼil /uʔxɓil/ | uʼuj /uʔuχ/ |
| Comer | lo /lo/ | waʼ /waʔ/ | wii /wiː/ | tijow /tixow/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | waan /waːn/ | tzaʼbʼi /tsaʔɓi/ |
| Beber | uku /uku/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | uuk /uːk/ | ukʼaaj /ukʼaːx/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | kʼaan /kʼaːn/ | ucha /utʃa/ |
| Dormir | way /waj/ | war /war/ | watl /waːtl/ | war /waɾ/ | way /waj/ | ktan /ktan/ | wat /wat/ |
| Um | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /xun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Dois | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | quiibʼ /kiːɓ/ | kaʼwutz /kaʔwuts/ | kebʼ /keɓ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | kabʼe /ˈkaɓeʔ/ | kaʼvaʼl /kaʔʋaʔl/ |
| Três | oxebʼ /oʂeɓ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxox /oʃoʃ/ | oxibʼ /oʃiɓ/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | oxe /oʃe/ | oxvaʼl /oʃʋaʔl/ |
| Quatro | kanebʼ /kaneɓ/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | kyaj /kjah/ | kajibʼ /kaxiɓ/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | kyaje /kjaxe/ | kajvaʼl /kahʋaʔl/ |
| Cinco | oyebʼ /ojeɓ/ | joobʼ /hoːɓ/ | oʼ /oʔ/ | jobʼ /xoɓ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | jweʼ /xweʔ/ | oʼvaʼl /oʔʋaʔl/ |
| Cem | okʼal /okʼal/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jun cient /hun sjent/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | jokʼal /xokʼal/ | oʼkʼalal /oʔkʼalal/ |
| Olá | kawal /kawal/ | saʼbʼal /saʔbal/ | kʼamta /kʼamta/ | saqarik /saqaɾik/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | chjonte tey /tʃhonte tej/ | nimaʼla kuxhewchʼa /nimaʔla kuʃewtʃʼa/ |
| Obrigado | yuhwal /juhwal/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | tixwajʼ /tiʃwahʼ/ | maltyox /maltjoʃ/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | chjonte /tʃhonte/ | tantixh /tantiʃ/ |
| Bom | watxʼ /waʈʂʼ/ | tzi /tsi/ | balaj /balah/ | utz /uts/ | lek /lek/ | banix /baniʃ/ | utzʼ /utsʼ/ |
| Novo | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼaj /aːkʼah/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | akʼaj /akʼax/ | akʼ /akʼ/ |
| Vermelho | kaq /kaq/ | kyeq /kjeq/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | kyaq /kjaq/ | kaq /kaq/ |
| Branco | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | saq /saq/ | sak /sak/ | saq /saq/ | saj /saχ/ |
| Preto | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ | qʼeq /qʼeq/ |
| Verde | yax /jaʂ/ | rax /raʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | rax /raʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | txaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ | chaʼx /tʃaʔʃ/ |
| Azul | yax /jaʂ/ | xaar /ʃaːr/ | xew /ʃew/ | xar /ʃaɾ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | — | — |
| Laranja | china /tʃina/ | — | laranch /larantʃ/ | alanxax /alanʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | lanch /lantʃ/ | — |
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