Mongghul
Mongólica (Shirongol, Monguoric)
O mongghul (também tu) é uma língua mongólica do nordeste do Tibete (zona cultural do tibetano amdo) falada pela nacionalidade tu (土族) das províncias de Qinghai e Gansu, na China. Apesar de ser oficialmente classificado pela China como um único grupo étnico ("tu"), o mongghul e o mangghuer são suficientemente distintos para que os linguistas os tratem como línguas separadas do ramo mongólico shirongol. Forte influência do tibetano amdo vizinho e do chinês do noroeste.
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em mongghul
Fontes
- Glottolog: Mongghul
- Ethnologue: mjg
- 照那斯图 Junast (1981) 土族语简志, Beijing: 民族出版社 — via ABVD/Lexibank (ABVD language 940 "Tuzu 土族语")
- Limusishiden & Stuart (eds.) (2007) Qidar Mongghul Ugonu Marlong (Chinese–Mongghul dictionary)
- Wiktionary: Mongghul entries
- Georg (2003) Mongghul (in Janhunen ed., The Mongolic Languages)
Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Mongólica (Shirongol, Monguoric)
| Significado | Mongghul | Língua Monguor | Mongol médio | Protomongólico | Mongol clássico | Yugur Oriental | Bonan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | szu /ʂdzu/ | szu /stsu/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | *usun /usun/ | ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/ | qusun /qusun/ | sə /sə/ |
| Fogo | ghal /ɢal/ | ghal /ʁal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /qal/ | *gal /ɡal/ | ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/ | ʁal /ʁal/ | χal /χal/ |
| Sol | nara /nara/ | nara /ˈnɑrɑ/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | *naran /naran/ | ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/ | naran /naran/ | naraŋ /naraŋ/ |
| Lua | sara /sara/ | sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | *sara /sara/ | ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/ | sara /sara/ | sarə /sarə/ |
| Estrela | foodi /foodə/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠣᠳᠤᠨ /hodun/ | *hodun /hodun/ | ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/ | hodən /hodən/ | hotuŋ /hotuŋ/ |
| Noite | soni /sonə/ | suani /swani/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | *söni /søni/ | ᠰᠥᠨᠢ /søni/ | søønə /søːnə/ | sonə /sonə/ |
| Chuva | huraa /xuraa/ | huraa /xuraː/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | *kura /kura/ | ᠬᠤᠷᠠ /qura/ | xura /χura/ | ɢura /ɢura/ |
| Neve | qasi /ʨasə/ | qasi /tɕasɿ/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤᠨ /tʃasun/ | *časun /tʃasun/ | ᠴᠠᠰᠤ /tʃasu/ | tʃasən /tʃasən/ | ʥasɵŋ /dʑasɵŋ/ |
| Vento | kii /kii/ | kii /kiː/ | ᠬᠡᠢ /kei/ | *salkïn /salkin/ | ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢ /salki/ | salɢən /salɢən/ | ki /ki/ |
| Pedra | tash /taʂ/ | taashi /taːʂi/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaun/ | *čilaɣun /tʃilaɣun/ | ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ /tʃilaɣun/ | tʃəluu /tʃəluː/ | — |
| Montanha | ula /ula/ | ghada /ʁada/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aula/ | *huɣula /huɣula/ | ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ /aɣula/ | uula /uːla/ | uːla /uːla/ |
| Mar | dalii /dalii/ | dalii /daliː/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | *dalai /dalai/ | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ /dalai/ | dalii /daliː/ | χai /χai/ |
| Mãe | aama /aama/ | aama /aːma/ | ᠡᠭᠡ /eke/ | *eke /eke/ | ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/ | hge /hɡe/ | amə /amə/ |
| Pai | aaba /aaba/ | aaba /aːba/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | *ečige /etʃiɡe/ | ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/ | tʃiɣe /tʃiɣe/ | abo /abo/ |
| Eu | bu /bu/ | bu /pu/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | *bi /bi/ | ᠪᠢ /bi/ | bə /bə/ | bǔ /bǔ/ |
| Tu | qi /ʨə/ | qi /tɕʰi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | *či /tʃi/ | ᠴᠢ /tʃi/ | tʃə /tʃə/ | ʨǐ /tɕǐ/ |
| Nós | budangula /budaŋɡula/ | buda /puda/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | *bida / *ba /bida / ba/ | ᠪᠢᠳᠠ / ᠪᠠ /bida / ba/ | budas / buda /budas / buda/ | bədə /bədə/ |
| Nome | nire /nəre/ | nira /nira/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | *nere /nere/ | ᠨᠡᠷᠡ /nere/ | nere /nere/ | narə /narə/ |
| Pessoa | kun /kun/ | kun /kun/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | *kümün /kymyn/ | ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ /kymyn/ | kuun /kuːn/ | kuŋ /kuŋ/ |
| Olho | nudu /nudu/ | nudi /nudi/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦᠨ /nidyn/ | *nidün /nidyn/ | ᠨᠢᠳᠦ /nidü/ | nudun /nudun/ | nəduŋ /nəduŋ/ |
| Orelha | qigi /ʨiɡə/ | qigi /tɕʰiɡi/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | *čikin /tʃikin/ | ᠴᠢᠬᠢᠨ /tʃikin/ | tʃəʁən /tʃəʁən/ | ʨiχaŋ /tɕiχaŋ/ |
| Nariz | hawar /xavar/ | hawari /xawari/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | *kamar /kamar/ | ᠬᠠᠪᠠᠷ /qabar/ | xawar /χawar/ | χor /χor/ |
| Boca | ama /ama/ | ama /ama/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | *aman /aman/ | ᠠᠮᠠᠨ /aman/ | aman /aman/ | aman /aman/ |
| Dente | shdi /ʂdə/ | shdi /ʂdi/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | *sidün /sidyn/ | ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ /ʃidyn/ | ʃdən /ʃdən/ | duŋ /duŋ/ |
| Língua | kile /kəle/ | kilee /kileː/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | *kelen /kelen/ | ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ /kelen/ | kelen /kelen/ | kalaŋ /kalaŋ/ |
| Mão | ghar /ɢar/ | ghari /ʁari/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /qar/ | *gar /ɡar/ | ᠭᠠᠷ /ɡar/ | ʁar /ʁar/ | χar /χar/ |
| Pé | kol /kol/ | kol /kol/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | *köl /køl/ | ᠬᠥᠯ /køl/ | køl /køl/ | kual /kual/ |
| Coração | jirge /ʥirɡe/ | jirihga /tɕirixɡa/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡ /dʒiryke/ | *ǰirüken /dʒiryken/ | ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ /dʒirüke/ | dʒyrɣen /dʒyrɣen/ | ʥirgə /dʑirɡə/ |
| Osso | yasi /jasə/ | yaasi /jaːsɿ/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | *yasun /jasun/ | ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠨ /jasun/ | yasən /jasən/ | iasuŋ /iasuŋ/ |
| Sangue | qisi /ʨisə/ | qizi /tɕʰizɿ/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | *čisun /tʃisun/ | ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ /tʃisun/ | tʃusun /tʃusun/ | ʨisuŋ /tɕisuŋ/ |
| Amor | duraala /duraala/ | durala /durala/ | ᠳᠤᠷᠠ /dura/ | — /—/ | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠ /qajira/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Árvore | xjoosi /ɕʥoosə/ | xjuzi /ɕtɕuzɿ/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤᠨ /modun/ | *modun /modun/ | ᠮᠣᠳᠤ /modu/ | mɔːdən /mɔːdən/ | mutoŋ /mutoŋ/ |
| Cão | nuhui /nuxui/ | nuhui /nuxui/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | *nokai /nokai/ | ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ /noqai/ | noxqui /noχqui/ | noɢoi /noɢoi/ |
| Gato | mauxi /mauɕi/ | muuxi /muːɕi/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | ᠮᠢᠭᠤᠢ /miɣui/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Peixe | jaghasi /ʥaɢasə/ | jighasi /tɕiʁasɿ/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | *ǰigasu /dʒiɡasu/ | ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ /dʒiɡasu/ | dʒaʁasən /dʒaʁasən/ | ʥilɣasuŋ /dʑilɣasuŋ/ |
| Ovo | ndige /ndəɡe/ | dige /diɡe/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ /øndeɡen/ | *öndegen /øndeɡen/ | ᠥᠨᠳᠡᠭᠡ /ɵndeɡe/ | bala /bala/ | əndəgi /əndəɡi/ |
| Cavalo | mori /mori/ | mori /mori/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | *morïn /morin/ | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ /morin/ | — | — |
| Casa | ger /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | *ger /ɡer/ | ᠭᠡᠷ /ɡer/ | ger /ɡer/ | gər /ɡər/ |
| Sal | dabsi /dabsə/ | darishizi /dariʂizɿ/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | *dabusun /dabusun/ | ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤᠨ /dabusun/ | daabsən /daːbsən/ | dabsuŋ /dabsuŋ/ |
| Ferro | tumur /tumur/ | timuri /timuri/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | *temür /temyr/ | ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ /temyr/ | — | — |
| Comer | ide /ide/ | rde /rde/ | ᠢᠳᠡ /ide/ | *ide- /ide/ | ᠢᠳᠡ- /ide-/ | ede /ede/ | nda- /nda/ |
| Beber | uqu /uʨu/ | wuqi /wutɕʰi/ | ᠤᠭᠤ /uɣu/ | *uu- /uu/ | ᠤᠭᠤ- /uɣu-/ | uu /uː/ | u- /u/ |
| Dormir | ntiraa /ntəraa/ | qaa /tɕʰaː/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ /unta/ | *unta- /unta/ | ᠤᠨᠲᠠ- /unta-/ | nda /nda/ | təra- /təra/ |
| Um | nige /nəɡe/ | nige /ˈniɡe/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | *nigen /nigen/ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ /niɡen/ | niɣe /niɣe/ | nəgə /nəɡə/ |
| Dois | ghoor /ɢoor/ | ghoori /ʁoːri/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | *koyar /kojar/ | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ /qojar/ | ʁuur /ʁuːr/ | ɢuar /ɢuar/ |
| Três | ghuraan /ɢuraan/ | ghuran /ɣuran/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /qurban/ | *gurban /ɡurban/ | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ /ɡurban/ | ʁurwan /ʁurwan/ | ɢuraŋ /ɢuraŋ/ |
| Quatro | deeren /deeren/ | deeran /deːran/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | *dörben /dørben/ | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ /dørben/ | dørwen /dørwen/ | deraŋ /deraŋ/ |
| Cinco | taawun /taavun/ | tawun /tawuŋ/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | *tabun /tabun/ | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ /tabun/ | taawən /taːwən/ | tawuŋ /tawuŋ/ |
| Cem | jong /ʥoŋ/ | nige jang /niɡe tɕaŋ/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaun/ | *ǰagun /dʒaɡun/ | ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ /dʒaɡun/ | dʒuun /dʒuːn/ | ʥyŋ /dʑyŋ/ |
| Olá | — /—/ | qi sainiisa /tɕʰi sainiːsa/ | ᠠᠮᠤᠷ /amur/ | — /—/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠤ /sajin uu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Obrigado | hgerli /xɡerlə/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠪᠠ /bajarlaba/ | — /—/ | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠷᠯᠠᠯᠠ /bajarlala/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Bom | sain /sain/ | saina /saina/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sain/ | *sajin /sajin/ | ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ /sajin/ | sain /sajn/ | saŋ /saŋ/ |
| Novo | xini /ɕinə/ | xni /ɕni/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃini/ | *sine /sine/ | ᠰᠢᠨᠡ /ʃine/ | ʃənə /ʃənə/ | ɕinə /ɕinə/ |
| Vermelho | fulaan /fulaan/ | fulaan /fuˈlɑːn/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /hulaan/ | *hulaɣan /hulaɣan/ | ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ /ulaɣan/ | ɬaan /ɬaːn/ | fulaŋ /fulaŋ/ |
| Branco | qighaan /ʨaɢaan/ | qighaan /tɕiʁaːn/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaqaan/ | *čagaɣan /tʃaɡaɣan/ | ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ /tʃaɣan/ | tʃaʁaan /tʃaʁaːn/ | ʨiɢaŋ /tɕiɢaŋ/ |
| Preto | hara /xara/ | hara /xara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | *kara /kara/ | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ /qara/ | xara /χara/ | χəra /χəra/ |
| Verde | noghoon /noɢoon/ | nughuun /nuʁuːn/ | ᠨ᠋ᠣᠬᠤᠬᠠᠨ /noqoan/ | *noguɣan /noɡuɣan/ | ᠨᠣᠭᠤᠭᠠᠨ /noɣuɣan/ | noʁoon /noʁoːn/ | noɢoŋ /noɢoŋ/ |
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