Drekay
Rukai
Austronésia (Formosan, rukai — ramo primário próprio)
O rukai (drekay), falado por cerca de 10 mil pessoas nas montanhas de Pingtung, Kaohsiung e Taitung, no sul de Taiwan, é uma das línguas austronésias mais divergentes — o Glottolog e a maioria dos formosanistas colocam-no num ramo primário próprio, coordenado com o resto da família (ou seja, uma cisão tão antiga quanto o próprio proto-austronésio). Tem seis dialetos reconhecidos (tanan, labuan, budai, maga, tona, mantauran), alguns tão distintos (nomeadamente o mantauran) que são dificilmente inteligíveis entre si. Fonologicamente preserva um sistema de quatro vogais /i e a u/ (alguns dialetos acrescentam /ɨ/) e uma /q/ uvular, e gramaticalmente emprega uma marcação de foco de tipo austronésio, mas carece do sistema de voz completo de quatro vias presente na maioria das outras línguas formosanas, um enigma tipológico central nos debates sobre a reconstrução do proto-austronésio.
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em rukai
Fontes
- Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1973) Rukai Structure. Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Special Publications 64.
- Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2007) A Grammar of Mantauran (Rukai). Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A4-2, Academia Sinica.
- Council of Indigenous Peoples, Taiwan — Rukai (Drekay) orthography & dictionary (2005, rev. 2018).
- Glottolog: Rukai
Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Austronésia (Formosan, rukai — ramo primário próprio)
| Significado | Rukai | Paiwan | Puyuma | Bunun | Kavalan | Amis | Kadazan costeiro |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | acilai /aˈtsilai/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | enay /enai/ | danum /danum/ | zanum /zaˈnum/ | nanom /nanom/ | waig /waiɡ/ |
| Fogo | apoy /aˈpoi/ | sapuy /sapui/ | apuy /apui/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | ramaz /raˈmaz/ | namal /namal/ | tapui /taˈpui/ |
| Sol | vai /vai/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | kadaw /kadaw/ | vali /vali/ | siban /siˈban/ | cidal /tsiðal/ | tadau /taˈdau/ |
| Lua | dramare /ɖamaɾə/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulan /buɭan/ | buan /buan/ | buran /buˈran/ | folad /folað/ | vuhan /ˈvuhan/ |
| Estrela | tariaw /taɾiaw/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | bituqan /bituqan/ | foʼis /foʔis/ | tombituon /tombituon/ |
| Noite | maʼungu /maʔuŋu/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | labian /labian/ | qabi /ʁabiʔ/ | lafiʼ /lafiʔ/ | sodop /sodop/ |
| Chuva | odalə /odalə/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | qudan /qudan/ | uzan /uˈzan/ | ʼorad /ʔorad/ | rasam /rasam/ |
| Neve | pasaabu /pasaːbu/ | sulja /suʎa/ | urelra /uɾəla/ | paav /paav/ | suRna /suʁna/ | soleda^ /soləðaʔ/ | — |
| Vento | sasəvəranə /sasəvəɾanə/ | vali /vali/ | bali /baɭi/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | bari /baˈri/ | fali /fali/ | tongus /toŋus/ |
| Terra | dae /daə/ | qipu /qipu/ | dare /ðarə/ | dalah /dalah/ | melanay /məɾaˈnaj/ | sera /səra/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pedra | lrənəgə /ɭənəɡə/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | btu /btu/ | fakeluh /fakeluh/ | vatu /vatu/ |
| Montanha | lregelrege /ɭəɡəɭəɡə/ | gadu /ɡadu/ | zenan /ʐənan/ | ludun /ludun/ | naung /nauŋ/ | lutuk /lutuk/ | nuhu /nuhu/ |
| Mar | laveke /ɭavəkə/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | lazing /laziŋ/ | riyar /rijar/ | rahat /rahat/ |
| Mãe | kainā /kaiˈnaː/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | tina /ˈtina/ | ina /ina/ | tina /ˈtina/ |
| Pai | amā /aˈmaː/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | tama /ˈtama/ | ama /ama/ | tama /ˈtama/ |
| Filha | ababay ka lalake /ababai ka lalake/ | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | — | fafahiyan a wawa /fafahijan a wawa/ | — |
| Eu | kunaku /kunaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | kuiku /kuiku/ | saikin /saikin/ | aiku /aiku/ | kako /kako/ | zou /zou/ |
| Tu | kusu /kusu/ | sun /sun/ | yu /ju/ | suu /suʔu/ | aisu /aisu/ | kiso /kiso/ | ika /ika/ |
| Nós | kuta / kunai /kuta / kunai/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | aita / aimi /aita / aimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | tokou / zikoi /tokou / zikoi/ |
| Nome | ngadhalj /ŋaðaɭ/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | nangan /naŋan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Pessoa | umawmase /umawmasə/ | caucau /tsautsau/ | trau /ʈau/ | bunun /bunun/ | lazat /lazat/ | tamdaw /tamðaw/ | tuhun /tuhun/ |
| Cabeça | aolo /aoɭo/ | qulu /qulu/ | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | bungu /buŋu/ | uru /uʁu/ | tangal /taŋal/ | tuhu /tuhu/ |
| Olho | maca /ˈmatsa/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | mata /maˈta/ | mata /mata/ | mato /ˈmato/ |
| Orelha | calinga /tsaɭiŋa/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | kayal /kajal/ | tangila /taŋila/ | tohingo /toˈhiŋo/ |
| Nariz | ngongoanə /ŋoŋoanə/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | unung /unuŋ/ | ngosoʼ /ŋosoʔ/ | todung /toduŋ/ |
| Boca | ngodoy /ŋoˈdoi/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ | indan /indan/ | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngibiR /ŋibiʁ/ | ngoyos /ŋojos/ | kabang /kaˈbaŋ/ |
| Dente | valisi /valisi/ | alis /aɭis/ | wali /wali/ | nipun /nipun/ | bangraw /baŋʁau/ | walis /walis/ | nipon /nipon/ |
| Língua | lidamə /ɭidamə/ | sema /səma/ | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | rilam /ʁilam/ | sema /səmaʔ/ | dilaʼ /dilaʔ/ |
| Mão | alima /aˈlima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | rima /riˈma/ | kamay /kamaj/ | longon /ˈloŋon/ |
| Pé | drapale /ɖapalə/ | — | kuy /kui/ | bantas /bantas/ | zapan /zaˈpan/ | waʼay /waʔaj/ | — |
| Coração | atay /aˈtai/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | anem /aˈnəm/ | falokoʼ /falokoʔ/ | kosingan /koˈsiŋan/ |
| Osso | colalə /tsoɭaɭə/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ukak /ukak/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | tiran /tiʁan/ | ʼokak /ʔokak/ | tuhang /tuhaŋ/ |
| Sangue | eray /əˈɾai/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | damuk /damuk/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rinang /ʁinaŋ/ | remes /rəməs/ | rahaʼ /rahaʔ/ |
| Cocô | caki /tsaki/ | caqi /tsaqi/ | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | taki /taki/ | tad /tad/ | tayiʼ /tajiʔ/ | tai /tai/ |
| Amor | ababai /aˈbabai/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | ulaw /ulaw/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | — /—/ | maolah /maolah/ | ohunod /oˈhunod/ |
| Árvore | cəkələ /tsəkələ/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kawi /kawi/ | kahu /kahu/ | kasuy /kaˈsuj/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kayu /ˈkaju/ |
| Cão | takanaw /taˈkanau/ | vatu /vatu/ | suwan /suwan/ | asu /asu/ | wasu /waˈsu/ | wacu /watsu/ | tasu /ˈtasu/ |
| Gato | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjau/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | kating /katiŋ/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | ngiyaw /ŋiˈjaw/ | posi /posi/ | tusing /ˈtusiŋ/ |
| Peixe | kaʼangə /kaʔaŋə/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | iskan /iskan/ | baut /baut/ | futing /futiŋ/ | sada /ˈsadaʔ/ |
| Pássaro | adhadhamə /aðaðamə/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | hazam /hazam/ | alam /aˈɬam/ | ayam /ˈajam/ | tombolog /tomboloɡ/ |
| Borboleta | lialivarane /ɭiaɭiˈvaɾanə/ | pepe /pəpə/ | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pulaw /pulaw/ | ʼadipangpang /ʔaðipaŋpaŋ/ | — |
| Ovo | batuku /batuku/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | tirur /tiʁuʁ/ | fitaʼol /fitaʔol/ | tontohuʼ /tontohuʔ/ |
| Urso | cumay /tsuˈmai/ | cumay /tsumai/ | trumay /ʈumaj/ | tumaz /tumað/ | tumay /tuˈmai/ | tomay /tomaj/ | bouvang /bouvaŋ/ |
| Cavalo | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | eva /əva/ | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | kebayu /kəbaju/ | efa /əfa/ | kudaʼ /kudaʔ/ |
| Casa | daane /daːne/ | umaq /umaq/ | ruma /ɾuma/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | lepaw /ləˈpaw/ | lomaʼ /lomaʔ/ | walai /waˈlai/ |
| Leite | mireke /miɾəkə/ | — | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacol /hatsol/ | gatas /ˈɡatas/ |
| Mel | valu /vaɭu/ | alju /aʎu/ | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | vanu /vanu/ | wanu /wanu/ | waneng no ʼodal /waneŋ no ʔoðal/ | — |
| Sal | timu /ˈtimu/ | qatia /qatia/ | iyam /ijam/ | hasila /hasila/ | zemiyan /zəmijan/ | cilah /tsilah/ | tusi /tusi/ |
| Vinho | bava /bava/ | vava /vava/ | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | — | fadisosoʼ a ^pah /faðisosoʔ a ʔpah/ | anggur /aŋɡur/ |
| Arroz | pagay /paˈɡai/ | paday /padai/ | veras /vəɾas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | beRas /bəʁas/ | felac /fəlats/ | vagas /vaɡas/ |
| Ferro | adreme /aˈɖəmə/ | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | balis /baˈlis/ | marad /marad/ | bosiʼ /bosiʔ/ |
| Roda | palridingi /paɭiˈdiŋi/ | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | krizeng /kriˈzəŋ/ | fiher /fiher/ | — |
| Seda | kadhupu /kaðupu/ | — | — | kaiku /kaiku/ | — | — | sutala /sutala/ |
| Livro | hungu /huŋu/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | valray /vaɭaj/ | patasan /patasan/ | sudad /sudad/ | cudad /tsuðad/ | — |
| Comer | waane /ˈwaːne/ | keman /kəman/ | kuman /kuman/ | maun /maun/ | quman /quˈman/ | komaen /komaən/ | mangakan /maˈŋakan/ |
| Beber | otobi /oˈtobi/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | enpa /enpa/ | muqun /muqun/ | mimum /miˈmum/ | minom /minom/ | monginum /moˈŋinum/ |
| Dormir | waapəcə /waːpətsə/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | masabah /masabah/ | mainep /maiˈnəp/ | mafotiʼ /mafotiʔ/ | modop /modop/ |
| Um | itha /iˈθa/ | ita /ita/ | sa /sa/ | tasa /tasa/ | issa /ˈissa/ | cecay /tsetsaj/ | iso /ˈiso/ |
| Dois | drusa /ɖusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | zua /ʐua/ | dusa /dusa/ | zusa /zusa/ | tosa /tosaʔ/ | duvo /duvo/ |
| Três | tolo /tolo/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | telu /təlu/ | tau /tau/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tolo /tolo/ | tolu /tolu/ |
| Quatro | səpatə /səpatə/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | pat /pat/ | paat /paːt/ | spat /spat/ | sepat /səpat/ | apat /apat/ |
| Cinco | lrima /ˈɭima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | rima /riˈma/ | lima /lima/ | limo /limo/ |
| Cem | iday /idaj/ | taidai /taidai/ | saleman /saɭəman/ | saba /saba/ | Rasibu /ʁasibu/ | smoʼot /smoʔot/ | hatus /hatus/ |
| Olá | sabaw /saˈbau/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | ngaʼay ho /ŋaʔaj ho/ | kopivosian /kopiˈvosian/ |
| Obrigado | masalu /maˈsalu/ | masalu /masalu/ | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | — /—/ | aray /araj/ | pounsikou /pounˈsikou/ |
| Bom | manangi /maˈnaŋi/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | masial /masial/ | nngi /nŋi/ | kapah /kapah/ | avasi /aˈvasi/ |
| Novo | baavanə /baːvanə/ | vaquan /vaquan/ | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | tasu /tasu/ | faluhay /faluhaj/ | vagu /vaɡu/ |
| Vermelho | dirərələ /diɾəɾələ/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | tebari /təbaʀi/ | kahengangay /kahəŋaŋaj/ | aragang /araɡaŋ/ |
| Branco | popoli /poˈpoli/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | bulenan /buɭənan/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | busar /busaʀ/ | fohecalay /fohətsalaj/ | opurak /oˈpurak/ |
| Preto | maicəlrəngə /maitsəɭəŋə/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | tengen /təŋən/ | kohtingay /kohtiŋaj/ | oitom /oitom/ |
| Verde | salesese /saləsəsə/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | puli /puli/ | kangdaway /kaŋdawaj/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ |
| Azul | salesese /saləsəsə/ | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | puli /puli/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | otomou /oˈtomou/ |
| Computador | tinnaw /tinˈnau/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | tokud /tokud/ |
| Chá | ucia /uˈtsia/ | ucia /utsia/ | — | ucia /utsia/ | — | ociya /otsija/ | tii |
| Café | kahwi /ˈkahwi/ | kuhi /kuhi/ | — | kapi /kapi/ | — | kohi /kohi/ | kupi /kupi/ |
| Açúcar | alualu /aluˈalu/ | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | walru | kamasia /kamasia/ | waneng /waˈnəŋ/ | waneng /waneŋ/ | gulaʼ /ɡulaʔ/ |
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