Pinuyumayan
Puyuma
Austronésia
O puyuma (pinuyumayan) é uma das menores e mais divergentes línguas austronésias formosanas, o ramo primário do austronésio dentro das línguas indígenas de Taiwan. O grupo puyúmico situa-se à parte dos outros ramos formosanos (atayálico, tsouico, paiwânico, rukáico, etc.), tornando o puyuma significativo para a linguística histórica austronésia — preserva traços perdidos noutros lugares. Falado por cerca de 3.000 puyuma em oito aldeias da área de Beinan, perto de Taitung, no sudeste de Taiwan. As tradições culturais incluem o ritual de caça Mangmahut e a estrutura comunitária dos habitantes da planície Mangayaw, que é matrilinear — distintiva entre os grupos aborígenes taiwaneses (a maioria dos quais é patrilinear).
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em puyuma
walru
Fontes
Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Austronésia
| Significado | Puyuma | Malaio antigo | Paiwan | Sakizaya | Proto-austronésio | Bunun | Tao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | enay /enai/ | air /air/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | nanum /nanum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fogo | apuy /apui/ | api /api/ | sapuy /sapui/ | lamal /lamal/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sol | kadaw /kadaw/ | matari /matari/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | araw /araw/ |
| Lua | bulan /buɭan/ | bulan /bulan/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | bulad /bulad/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Estrela | vituwan /vituwan/ | bintang /bintaŋ/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Noite | ʼarmeng /ʔarməŋ/ | malam /malam/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Chuva | ʼudal /ʔudal/ | — | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Neve | urelra /uɾəla/ | — | sulja /suʎa/ | sulda /sulda/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | — |
| Vento | bali /baɭi/ | — | vali /vali/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Terra | dare /ðarə/ | — | qipu /qipu/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pedra | barasa /barasa/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | vato /vato/ |
| Montanha | zenan /ʐənan/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Mar | lrevek /ɭəvək/ | — | ljavek /ʎavək/ | bayu /baju/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Mãe | ina /ina/ | ibu /ibu/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Pai | ama /ama/ | bapa /bapa/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Filha | walrak na babayan /waɭak na babajan/ | — | aljak a vavayan /aʎak a vavajan/ | tatayna a wawa /tatajna a wawa/ | — | uvaazpingaz /uvaazpiŋaz/ | anak a mavakes /anak a mavakes/ |
| Eu | kuiku /kuiku/ | aku /aku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Tu | yu /ju/ | kamu /kamu/ | sun /sun/ | kisu /kisu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Nós | taita / mimi /taita / mimi/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Nome | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Pessoa | trau /ʈau/ | — | caucau /tsautsau/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tao /tao/ |
| Cabeça | tranguruʼ /ʈaŋuɾuʔ/ | — | qulu /qulu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Olho | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orelha | tangila /taŋiɭa/ | — | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Nariz | tingran /tiŋɾan/ | — | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Boca | indan /indan/ | — | angal /aŋaɭ/ | laway /lawaj/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Dente | wali /wali/ | gigi /ɡiɡi/ | alis /aɭis/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Língua | lidam /ɭiɖam/ | lidah /lidah/ | sema /səma/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mão | lima /lima/ | tangan /taŋan/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamai/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Pé | kuy /kui/ | — | — | — | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | ai /ai/ |
| Coração | kalumetan /kalumetan/ | hati /hati/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Osso | ukak /ukak/ | tulang /tulaŋ/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Sangue | damuk /damuk/ | darah /darah/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Cocô | traʼi /ʈaʔi/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | obot /obot/ |
| Amor | ulaw /ulaw/ | sayang /sajaŋ/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Árvore | kawi /kawi/ | kayu /kaju/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Cão | suwan /suwan/ | anjing /andʒiŋ/ | vatu /vatu/ | waco /watʃo/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Gato | kating /katiŋ/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Peixe | kuraw /kuɾaw/ | ikan /ikan/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | buting /butiŋ/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Pássaro | ayam /ajam/ | burung /buruŋ/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Borboleta | aribanglranglrawan /aɾibaŋɭaŋɭawan/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Ovo | bitrenun /biʈənun/ | — | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Urso | trumay /ʈumaj/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | tumay /tumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | — |
| Cavalo | eva /əva/ | — | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | — |
| Casa | ruma /ɾuma/ | rumah /rumah/ | umaq /umaq/ | luma /luma/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Leite | susu /susu/ | susu /susu/ | — | hacul /hatsul/ | — | susu /susu/ | mizoko /mizoko/ |
| Mel | kawalruwan /kawaɭuwan/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | — |
| Sal | iyam /ijam/ | garam /ɡaram/ | qatia /qatia/ | cikah /tsikah/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | asin /asin/ |
| Vinho | kutra /kuʈa/ | — | vava /vava/ | — | — | — | potaw cyo /potaw tsjo/ |
| Arroz | veras /vəɾas/ | — | paday /padai/ | belac /bəlats/ | *beRas /beRas/ | cilas /tsilas/ | mogis /moɡis/ |
| Ferro | batulrayaw /batuɭajaw/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | mukin /mukin/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Roda | mutralatralaw /muʈalaʈalaw/ | — | tjukutjuku /tʲukutʲuku/ | bihel /bihel/ | — | tauntaun /tauntaun/ | — |
| Livro | valray /vaɭaj/ | — | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | cudad /tsudad/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Comer | kuman /kuman/ | makan /makan/ | keman /kəman/ | hekal /hekal/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Beber | enpa /enpa/ | minum /minum/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormir | alrupeʼ /aɭupəʔ/ | tidur /tidur/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Um | sa /sa/ | sa /sa/ | ita /ita/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | asa /asa/ |
| Dois | zua /ʐua/ | dua /dua/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Três | telu /təlu/ | tlu /tlu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tulu /tulu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Quatro | pat /pat/ | mpat /əmpat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | sepat /səpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | apat /apat/ |
| Cinco | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cem | saleman /saɭəman/ | ratus /ratus/ | taidai /taidai/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Olá | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Obrigado | kasapakan /kasapakan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Bom | mauruway /mauɾuwai/ | baik /baik/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Novo | bekal /bəkaɭ/ | — | vaquan /vaquan/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Vermelho | midarang /miɖaraŋ/ | merah /merah/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Branco | bulenan /buɭənan/ | putih /putih/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Preto | udedem /uɖəɖəm/ | hitam /hitam/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Verde | miraʼat /miraʔat/ | — | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Azul | tremangiya /ʈəmaŋija/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Computador | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
| Açúcar | walru | — | ljualju /ʎuaʎu/ | waneng /wanəŋ/ | — | kamasia /kamasia/ | satto |
| 99 | makaiwa zi iwaya /makaiwa ʐi iwaja/ | — | — | — | — | — | — |
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