Thaw a tnaw
Thao
Austronésia
O thao (sao, autônimo Thaw a tnaw «a língua thao») é uma das línguas austronésias mais criticamente ameaçadas, restando apenas cerca de 5 falantes nativos fluentes entre cerca de 600 thaos étnicos. Os thaos concentram-se no lago Sol e Lua (também conhecido como lago Candidius), no centro de Taiwan, onde são os habitantes originais. Linguisticamente, o thao é a única língua formosana das planícies ocidentais ainda sobrevivente — irmã de várias línguas formosanas das planícies já extintas da costa oeste taiwanesa (hoanya, babuza, papora, etc.) que desapareceram durante a colonização han chinesa dos séculos XVII-XIX. O isolamento linguístico do thao torna-o especialmente valioso para a reconstrução histórica do austronésio. Reconhecido como a 10.ª nação aborígene oficial de Taiwan em 2001, após ampla mobilização comunitária.
Onde é falada
87 palavras essenciais em thao
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Palavras comparadas
Comparação com línguas da mesma classificação: Austronésia
| Significado | Thao | Proto-austronésio | Bunun | Sakizaya | Pazeh | Paiwan | Tao |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Água | sazum /saðum/ | *daNum /daNum/ | danum /danum/ | nanum /nanum/ | dalum /dalum/ | zaljum /zaʎum/ | ranom /ranom/ |
| Fogo | apuy /apuj/ | *Sapuy /Sapuy/ | sapuz /sapuz/ | lamal /lamal/ | hapuy /hapuj/ | sapuy /sapui/ | apuy /apuj/ |
| Sol | fitulha /fituʎa/ | *waRi /waRi/ | vali /vali/ | cidal /tʃidal/ | rizax /ɾizax/ | qadaw /qadaw/ | araw /araw/ |
| Lua | furaz /fuɾað/ | *bulaN /bulaN/ | buan /buan/ | bulad /bulad/ | ilas /ilas/ | qiljas /qiʎas/ | vehan /vehan/ |
| Estrela | fituʼish /fituʔiʃ/ | *bituqen /bituqen/ | bintuhan /bintuhan/ | boʼis /boʔis/ | mintol /mintol/ | vituqan /vituqan/ | vituen /vituən/ |
| Noite | tanlhuan /tanɬuan/ | *beRŋi /beʀŋi/ | labian /labian/ | labiʼ /labiʔ/ | xinian /xinian/ | qezemezemetj /qəzəməzəmətʲ/ | mahep /mahəp/ |
| Chuva | qusaz /qusað/ | *quzaN /quzaN/ | qudan /qudan/ | ʼudad /ʔuðað/ | udan /udan/ | qudjalj /quɟaʎ/ | cimoy /tsimoi/ |
| Neve | ulhza /uɬða/ | *SuReNa /SuReNa/ | paav /paav/ | sulda /sulda/ | hahela /hahela/ | sulja /suʎa/ | — |
| Vento | fari /faɾi/ | *bali /bali/ | luvluv /luvluv/ | baliʼ /baliʔ/ | bari /baɾi/ | vali /vali/ | pagpag /paɡpaɡ/ |
| Terra | pruq /pruq/ | *taneq /taneq/ | dalah /dalah/ | lalaʼ /ɾaɾaʔ/ | daxe /daxəʔ/ | qipu /qipu/ | tana /tana/ |
| Pedra | fatu /fatu/ | *batu /batu/ | batu /batu/ | baʼtu /baʔtu/ | batu /batu/ | qaciljai /qatsiʎai/ | vato /vato/ |
| Montanha | huzun /huðun/ | *bukij /bukij/ | ludun /ludun/ | buyuʼ /bujuʔ/ | — | gadu /ɡadu/ | tokon /tokon/ |
| Mar | wazakan /waðakan/ | *tenem /tenem/ | ning-av /ŋiŋʔav/ | bayu /baju/ | awas /awas/ | ljavek /ʎavək/ | wawa /wawa/ |
| Mãe | ina /ina/ | *ina /ina/ | tina /tina/ | ina /ina/ | ina /ina/ | kina /kina/ | ina /ina/ |
| Pai | ama /ama/ | *ama /ama/ | tama /tama/ | ama /ama/ | aba /aba/ | kama /kama/ | ama /ama/ |
| Eu | yaku /jaku/ | *aku /aku/ | saikin /saikin/ | zaku /ʐaku/ | yaku /jaku/ | tiaken /tiakən/ | yaken /jakən/ |
| Tu | ihu /ʔihu/ | *iSu /iSu/ | suu /suʔu/ | kisu /kisu/ | isiu /isiu/ | sun /sun/ | imo /ʔimo/ |
| Nós | ita / yamin /ʔita / jamin/ | *kita / *kami /kita / kami/ | kata / kaimin /kata / kaimin/ | kita / kami /kita / kami/ | ita / yami /ita / jami/ | titjen / tiamen /titʲən / tiamən/ | yaten / yamen /jatən / jamən/ |
| Nome | tanan /tanan/ | *ŋajan /ŋajan/ | ngaan /ŋaan/ | ngangan /ŋaŋan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngadan /ŋadan/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Pessoa | caw /θaw/ | *Cau /tsau/ | bunun /bunun/ | tademaw /tadəmaw/ | saw /saw/ | caucau /tsautsau/ | tao /tao/ |
| Cabeça | punuq /punuq/ | *quluh /quluh/ | bungu /buŋu/ | tangah /taŋah/ | punu /punu/ | qulu /qulu/ | oo /oo/ |
| Olho | maca /maθa/ | *maCa /maCa/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ | daurik /dauɾik/ | maca /matsa/ | mata /mata/ |
| Orelha | lharina /ɬarina/ | *Caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | tainga /taiŋa/ | tangilaʼ /taŋilaʔ/ | sainga /saiŋa/ | caliŋa /tsaliŋa/ | talinga /taˈliŋa/ |
| Nariz | muzin /muðin/ | *ujuŋ /ujuŋ/ | ngutus /ŋutus/ | cihek /tsihək/ | muzing /muziŋ/ | ŋudus /ŋudus/ | momodan /momodan/ |
| Boca | ruzic /ɺuðiθ/ | — | ngulus /ŋulus/ | laway /lawaj/ | ahan /ahan/ | angal /aŋaɭ/ | ngongoy /ŋoŋoj/ |
| Dente | nipin /nipin/ | *nipen /nipen/ | nipun /nipun/ | ngipən /ŋipən/ | lepeng /ləpəŋ/ | alis /aɭis/ | nepen /nəpən/ |
| Língua | zama /ðama/ | *Sema /Sema/ | mamaʼ /mamaʔ/ | səmaʼ /səmaʔ/ | dahama /dahama/ | sema /səma/ | lila /lilaʔ/ |
| Mão | lima /lima/ | *lima /lima/ | ima /ima/ | kamay /kamai/ | rima /ɾima/ | lima /lima/ | kamay /kamaj/ |
| Pé | kuskus /kuskus/ | *qaqay /qaqay/ | bantas /bantas/ | — | karaw /kaɾaw/ | — | ai /ai/ |
| Coração | putul /putul/ | *pusuq /pusuq/ | is-ang /isaŋ/ | gawang /ɡawaŋ/ | baga /baɡa/ | varung /vaɾuŋ/ | paso /paso/ |
| Osso | puʼu /puʔu/ | *CuqelaN /CuqelaN/ | tuhnaz /tuhnað/ | ʼukak /ʔukak/ | bul /bul/ | cuqelalj /tsuqəlaʎ/ | toang /toaŋ/ |
| Sangue | talhum /taɬum/ | *daRaq /daRaq/ | haidang /haidaŋ/ | ʼidang /ʔidaŋ/ | damu /damu/ | djamuq /ɟamuq/ | rala /ralaʔ/ |
| Cocô | caqi /θaqi/ | *Caqi /tsaqi/ | taki /taki/ | taiʼ /taiʔ/ | — | caqi /tsaqi/ | obot /obot/ |
| Amor | madaidaz /madaiðað/ | — /—/ | madaidaz /madaidaz/ | maolah /maolah/ | — /—/ | nasaqaqa /nasaqaqa/ | makakdeng /makakdəŋ/ |
| Árvore | lhalum /ʎalum/ | *kaSiw /kaSiw/ | kahu /kahu/ | kilang /kilaŋ/ | kahuy /kahuj/ | kasiw /kasiw/ | kayo /kajo/ |
| Cão | atu /atu/ | *asu /asu/ | asu /asu/ | waco /watʃo/ | wazu /wazu/ | vatu /vatu/ | ino /ino/ |
| Gato | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngingiyaw /ŋiŋijaw/ | posi /posi/ | — /—/ | ngiaw /ŋiaw/ | koving /koviŋ/ |
| Peixe | rusaw /ɾusaw/ | *Sikan /Sikan/ | iskan /iskan/ | buting /butiŋ/ | alaw /alaw/ | ciqaw /tsiqaw/ | among /amoŋ/ |
| Pássaro | rumfaz /ɾumfað/ | *manuk /manuk/ | hazam /hazam/ | ayam /ajam/ | ayam /ajam/ | qayaqayam /qajaqajam/ | laciw /latsiw/ |
| Borboleta | kurari /kuɾaɾi/ | *baŋbaŋ /baŋbaŋ/ | balikuan /balikuan/ | adipapang /adipapaŋ/ | — | pepe /pəpə/ | pahapahad no anito /pahapahad no anito/ |
| Ovo | qaricuy /qaɾiθuj/ | *qiCeluR /qicəlur/ | lububunun /lububunun/ | tiʼkuk /tiʔkuk/ | batu pataru /batu pataɾu/ | qecilu /qətsiɭu/ | icioy /itsioj/ |
| Urso | cumay /θumai/ | *Cumay /Cumay/ | tumaz /tumað/ | tumay /tumai/ | — | cumay /tsumai/ | — |
| Cavalo | tishmamraw /tiʃmamɾaw/ | — | tasasikis /tasasikis/ | kabayu /kabaju/ | gamay /ɡamaj/ | rigi /ɾiɡi/ | — |
| Casa | kayan /kajan/ | *Rumaq /Rumaq/ | lumaq /lumaq/ | luma /luma/ | xuma /xuma/ | umaq /umaq/ | vahay /vahaj/ |
| Mel | fulhia wa madahun /fuɬia wa madahun/ | — | vanu /vanu/ | waneng nu wadu /wanəŋ nu wadu/ | — | alju /aʎu/ | — |
| Sal | qtilha /qtiɬa/ | *qasiRa /qasiRa/ | hasila /hasila/ | cikah /tsikah/ | pahah /pahah/ | qatia /qatia/ | asin /asin/ |
| Ferro | balis /balis/ | *Namat /Namat/ | ngul-a /ŋulʔa/ | mukin /mukin/ | — | vatjuljayan /vatʲuʎajan/ | vahalang /vahalaŋ/ |
| Livro | patashan /pataʃan/ | — | patasan /patasan/ | cudad /tsudad/ | babizu /babizu/ | sapitj /sapitʲ/ | vakong /vakoŋ/ |
| Comer | kuman /kuman/ | *kaen /kaen/ | maun /maun/ | hekal /hekal/ | mekan /məkan/ | keman /kəman/ | kuman /kuman/ |
| Beber | naqayan /naqajan/ | *inum /inum/ | muqun /muqun/ | mihecak /mihetʃak/ | mimaazip /mimaːzip/ | temekel /təməkəl/ | minum /minum/ |
| Dormir | malhus /maɬus/ | *tuduR /tuduR/ | masabah /masabah/ | mabiʼ /mabiʔ/ | masuaw /masuaw/ | qemreng /qəmɾəŋ/ | mitkeh /mitkəh/ |
| Um | tata /tata/ | *isa /isa/ | tasa /tasa/ | cacay /tʃatʃai/ | adang /adaŋ/ | ita /ita/ | asa /asa/ |
| Dois | tusha /tuʃa/ | *duSa /duSa/ | dusa /dusa/ | tusa /tusa/ | dusa /dusa/ | drusa /ɖusa/ | doa /doa/ |
| Três | turu /tuɾu/ | *telu /telu/ | tau /tau/ | tulu /tulu/ | turu /tuɾu/ | tjelu /tʲəlu/ | tilo /tilo/ |
| Quatro | shpat /ʃpat/ | *Sepat /səpat/ | paat /paːt/ | sepat /səpat/ | supat /supat/ | sepatj /səpatʲ/ | apat /apat/ |
| Cinco | rima /rima/ | *lima /lima/ | hima /hima/ | lima /lima/ | xasep /xasəp/ | lima /lima/ | lima /lima/ |
| Cem | shaba /ʃaba/ | *RaCus /RaCus/ | saba /saba/ | lasubu /lasubu/ | haten /hatən/ | taidai /taidai/ | ranaw /ranaw/ |
| Olá | ya /ja/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | marayas /maɾajas/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | akokay /akokaj/ |
| Obrigado | mihu /mihu/ | — /—/ | uninang /uninaŋ/ | lalumahan /lalumahan/ | — /—/ | masalu /masalu/ | ayoy /ajoj/ |
| Bom | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | masial /masial/ | kapah /kapah/ | — /—/ | nguanguaq /ŋuaŋuaq/ | mapia /mapia/ |
| Novo | faqlhu /faqɬu/ | *baqeRuh /baqeRuh/ | bahlu /baɬu/ | baluhay /baluhaj/ | xias /xias/ | vaquan /vaquan/ | vayo /vajo/ |
| Vermelho | mashinaw /maʃinaw/ | *ma-iRaq /ma-iRaq/ | madanghas /madaŋhas/ | sumanah /sumanah/ | lubahing /lubahiŋ/ | qudjidjilj /quɟiɟiʎ/ | mivalah /mivalah/ |
| Branco | mapuzi /mapuði/ | *ma-putiq /maputiq/ | maduhlas /maduɬas/ | sanglac /saŋlatʃ/ | risilaw /ɾisilaw/ | vuqavuqalj /vuqavuqaʎ/ | malavang /malavaŋ/ |
| Preto | maqusum /maqusum/ | *qeCeŋeN /qeCeŋeN/ | matahdung /matahduŋ/ | lumeniʼ /luməniʔ/ | terehen /təɾəhən/ | qucengecengel /qutsəŋətsəŋəl/ | mavaheng /mavahəŋ/ |
| Verde | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | langdaway /laŋdawaj/ | tululik /tululik/ | liljuas /ɭiʎuas/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Azul | madishlum /madiʃlum/ | — | masanglav /masaŋlav/ | sumilaway /sumilawaj/ | — | cangiangia /tsaŋiaŋia/ | mogaraw /moɡaraw/ |
| Computador | tiannau /tiannau/ | — | tinnau /tinnau/ | tingnaw /tiŋnaw/ | — | tinnaw /tinnaw/ | tiannaw /tiannaw/ |
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