Yokot'an
Chontal de Tabasco
Maya
Le chontal de Tabasco (yokot'an, aussi appelé yokot'an, parfois maya chontal) est une langue maya cholane de la côte mexicaine du golfe, dans l'État de Tabasco. Les Mayas chontals sont les descendants directs des Mayas des basses terres qui contrôlaient le circuit commercial putun durant les périodes classique et postclassique, reliant le Yucatán à la côte du golfe et aux hauts plateaux mexicains. Le yokot'an moderne est le plus proche parent vivant du chol (ctu), tous deux partageant l'ascendance de la branche cholane qui a produit les inscriptions glyphiques du maya classique. Malgré une forte pression de l'espagnol, les communautés de Nacajuca et de Centla maintiennent la langue ainsi que des pratiques traditionnelles, notamment la culture cérémonielle du cacao.
Où elle est parlée
87 mots essentiels en chontal de Tabasco
Sources
Mots comparés
Comparaison avec les langues de la même famille : Maya
| Sens | Chontal de Tabasco | Chol | Tzeltal | Maya classique | Maya itzá | Tojolabal | Maya yucatèque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eau | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | haʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ | jaʼ /haʔ/ |
| Feu | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼajk /kʼahk/ | kʼajkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼahkʼ /kʼahkʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼakʼ /kʼakʼ/ | kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ |
| Soleil | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼiñ /kʼiɲ/ | kʼajkʼal /kʼahkʼal/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼin /kʼin/ | kʼakʼu /kʼakʼu/ | kʼiin /kʼiːn/ |
| Lune | ä /æ/ | uw /uw/ | u /u/ | uh /uh/ | uj /uh/ | ixaw /iʃaw/ | uj /uh/ |
| Étoile | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ʔekʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | ekʼ /eːkʼ/ | ekʼ /ekʼ/ | kʼanal /kʼanal/ | eekʼ /eːkʼ/ |
| Nuit | akʼäb /akʼɨb/ | akʼälel /akʼɨlel/ | ajkʼabal /ahkʼaɓal/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | akʼabʼ /akʼaɓ/ | aʼkwal /aʔkʷal/ | áakʼabʼ /aːkʼaɓ/ |
| Neige | nieve /ˈnjebe/ | — | — | — | — | sakal kʼinal /sakal kʼinal/ | nieve /njebe/ |
| Terre | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | lum /lum/ | kab /kab/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ | luʼum /luʔum/ |
| Pierre | jiʼtun /hiʔtun/ | xajlel /ʃahlel/ | ton /ton/ | tuun /tuːn/ | tunich /tunitʃ/ | ton /ton/ | tuunich /tuːˈnitʃ/ |
| Montagne | tzʼik /tsʼik/ | wits /wits/ | wits /wits/ | witz /wits/ | — | wits /wits/ | wiits /wiːts/ |
| Mer | nab /nab/ | ñajb /ɲahɓ/ | mar /mar/ | kʼahkʼ nab /kʼahkʼ nab/ | — | niwan paman jaʼ /niwan paman haʔ/ | kʼáaʼnáab /kʼaːʔnaːb/ |
| Mère | naʼ /naʔ/ | ñaʼ /ɲaʔ/ | meʼ /meʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | nan /nan/ | naʼ /naʔ/ |
| Père | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | yuum /juːm/ | tat /tat/ | tat /tat/ | taata /taːta/ |
| Fille | jixik chʼok /hiʃik tʃʼok/ | ixikʼal /iʃikʼal/ | antsil nichʼan /antsil nitʃʼan/ | — | — | ʼixukil /ʔiʃukil/ | x aal /ʃaːl/ |
| Je | noʼon /noʔon/ | joñoñ /hoɲoɲ/ | joʼon /hoʔon/ | hiin /hiːn/ | ten /ten/ | keʼn /keʔn/ | teen /teːn/ |
| Tu | neʼet /neʔet/ | jatyet /hatʲet/ | jaʼat /haʔat/ | hat /hat/ | tech /tetʃ/ | weʼn /weʔn/ | teech /teːtʃ/ |
| Nous | noʼonla /noʔonla/ | joñonla / joñon lojon /hoɲonla / hoɲon lohon/ | joʼotik / joʼotikon /hoʔotik / hoʔotikon/ | — /—/ | toʼon /toʔon/ | keʼntik / keʼntikon /keʔntik / keʔntikon/ | toʼon /toʔon/ |
| Nom | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | biil /ɓiːl/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaˈɓaʔ/ | kʼabaʼ /kʼaɓaʔ/ | bʼiʼil /ɓiʔil/ | kʼaabaʼ /kʼaːɓaʔ/ |
| Personne | winik /winik/ | kixtyañu /kiʃtʲaɲu/ | ants winik /ants winik/ | winik /winik/ | — | winkil /winkil/ | máak /maːk/ |
| Tête | pam /pam/ | jol /hol/ | jol /hol/ | jol /hol/ | — | ʼolom /ʔolom/ | pool /poːl/ |
| Œil | wich /witʃ/ | wut /wut/ | sit /sit/ | ut /ut/ | ich /itʃ/ | satej /sateh/ | ich /itʃ/ |
| Oreille | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ | chikin /tʃikin/ | xikin /ʃikin/ |
| Nez | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ | niʼ /niʔ/ |
| Bouche | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ | tiʼ /tiʔ/ | chiʼ /tʃiʔ/ |
| Dent | ej /eh/ | ej /eh/ | ehal /ehal/ | eh /eh/ | koh /koh/ | ex /eʃ/ | koh /koh/ |
| Langue | akʼ /akʼ/ | äkʼ /ɨkʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | akʼ /akʼ/ | aakʼ /aːkʼ/ |
| Main | kʼäb /kʼɨb/ | kʼäb /kʼɨɓ/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼab /kʼab/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ | kʼabʼ /kʼaɓ/ |
| Pied | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ | — | ok /ok/ | ook /oːk/ |
| Cœur | pixan /piʃan/ | pusʼikʼal /pusʼikʼal/ | oʼtan /oʔtan/ | pixan /piʃan/ | pukʼsikʼal /pukʼsikʼal/ | altzil /altsil/ | puksiʼikʼal /puksiʔikʼal/ |
| Os | bak /ɓak/ | bäk /ɓɨk/ | bak /ɓak/ | baak /ɓaːk/ | bʼak /ɓak/ | bakel /ɓakel/ | bʼaak /ɓaːk/ |
| Sang | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | chʼichʼ /tʃʼitʃʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | chikʼel /tʃikʼel/ | kʼiʼikʼ /kʼiʔikʼ/ |
| Caca | taʼ /taʔ/ | taʼ /taʔ/ | tsaʼ /tsaʔ/ | — | — | kʼoy /kʼoj/ | taʼ /taʔ/ |
| Amour | kʼuxbe /kʼuʃbe/ | kʼuxbiñ /kʼuʃbiɲ/ | kʼanbey /kʼanbej/ | yaah /jaːh/ | yakunti /jakunti/ | skʼana /skʼana/ | yaakuntej /jaːkunteh/ |
| Arbre | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ | teʼ /teʔ/ | cheʼ /tʃeʔ/ |
| Chien | wichuʼ /witʃuʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ | pekʼ /pekʼ/ | tsʼiʼ /tsʼiʔ/ | peekʼ /peːkʼ/ |
| Chat | ajmis /ahmis/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | miis /miːs/ | mis /mis/ | mis /mis/ | miis /miːs/ |
| Poisson | buchʼ /butʃʼ/ | chäy /tʃɨj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kay /kaj/ | käy /kɨj/ | chay /tʃaj/ | kay /kaj/ |
| Oiseau | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | mut /mut/ | chʼiichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ | yal chan /jal tʃan/ | chʼíichʼ /tʃʼiːtʃʼ/ |
| Papillon | ajpempem /ahpempem/ | pejpem /pehpem/ | pejpen /pehpen/ | — | — | pejpen /pehpen/ | péepen /peːpen/ |
| Œuf | säktokʼ /sɨktokʼ/ | tumut /tumut/ | tomut /tomut/ | — | jeʼ /heʔ/ | nolobʼ /noloɓ/ | jeʼ /heʔ/ |
| Ours | oso /ˈoso/ | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ | — | — | oso /oso/ | oso /oso/ |
| Cheval | tzimim /tsimim/ | kawayuʼ /kawajuʔ/ | kawu /kawu/ | — | — | kawu /kawu/ | tsíimin /tsiːmin/ |
| Maison | otot /otot/ | otyot /otjot/ | na /na/ | otoch /otoːtʃ/ | nah /nah/ | naj /nah/ | naj /nah/ |
| Lait | leche /letʃe/ | chuʼ /tʃuʔ/ | lech /letʃ/ | — | — | lech /letʃ/ | leche /letʃe/ |
| Miel | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃaɓ/ | chab /tʃab/ | — | — | chab /tʃaɓ/ | kaab /kaːb/ |
| Sel | atzʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | — | tab /tab/ | atsʼam /atsʼam/ | taʼab /taʔaɓ/ |
| Vin | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /ˈbino/ | vino /bino/ | — | — | yaalel tzʼusub /jaːlel tsʼusub/ | vino /bino/ |
| Riz | arroz /aros/ | arus /aɾus/ | — | — | — | ʼaros /ʔaros/ | arroz /aros/ |
| Fer | palib /palib/ | — | takʼin /takʼin/ | — | — | takʼin /takʼin/ | máaskab /maːskab/ |
| Roue | rueda /rweda/ | — | — | — | — | rweda /rweda/ | rueda /rweda/ |
| Soie | seda /ˈseda/ | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ | — | — | seda /seda/ | seda /seda/ |
| Livre | jun /hun/ | juñ /huɲ/ | jun /hun/ | huun /huːn/ | Juʼumilxok /huʔumilʃok/ | juʼun /huʔun/ | juʼun /huʔun/ |
| Manger | weʼ /weʔ/ | kʼux /kʼuʃ/ | weʼel /weʔel/ | weʼ /weʔ/ | jant /hant/ | waʼel /waʔel/ | jaant /haːnt/ |
| Boire | ukʼe /ukʼe/ | uchʼ /utʃʼ/ | uchʼel /utʃʼel/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼ /ukʼ/ | ukʼul /ukʼul/ |
| Dormir | wäye /wɨje/ | wäyel /wɨjel/ | way /waj/ | way /waj/ | wenel /wenel/ | wayel /wajel/ | wenel /wenel/ |
| Un | un /un/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ | jun /hun/ |
| Deux | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | cheb /tʃeb/ | chaʼ /tʃaʔ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ | chabʼ /tʃaɓ/ | kaʼ /kaʔ/ |
| Trois | ux /uʃ/ | uxpʼejl /uʃpʼehl/ | oxeb /oʃeb/ | ox /oʃ/ | ox /oʃ/ | oxe /oʃe/ | óox /ʔoːʃ/ |
| Quatre | chan /tʃan/ | chämpʼejl /tʃɨmpʼehl/ | chaneb /tʃaneb/ | kan /kan/ | kan /kan/ | chane /tʃane/ | kan /kan/ |
| Cinq | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ | joʼeb /hoʔeɓ/ | hoʼ /hoʔ/ | — | joʼe /hoʔe/ | joʼ /hoʔ/ |
| Cent | cien /sjen/ | joʼkʼal /hoʔkʼal/ | joʼ winik /hoʔ winik/ | — | — | joʼ winkeʼ /hoʔ winkeʔ/ | joʼokʼáal /hoʔokʼaːl/ |
| Bonjour | bin a bel /bin a bel/ | kabʼ /kaɓ/ | banti winik /banti winik/ | bix a beel /biʃ a beːl/ | bʼix a tʼan /biʃ a tʼan/ | lekilukʼ /lekilukʼ/ | baʼax ka waʼalik /baʔaʃ ka waʔalik/ |
| Merci | dios boʼtik /dios boʔtik/ | wokolix awälä /wokoliʃ awɨlɨ/ | wokol awal /wokol awal/ | nibʼoolal /nibʼoːlal/ | dios bʼotik /dios botik/ | yuj /juh/ | dios boʼotik /dios boʔotik/ |
| Bon | tsʼak /tsʼak/ | utsʼat /utsʼat/ | lek /lek/ | utz /uts/ | malobʼ /malob/ | lek /lek/ | maʼalob /maʔalob/ |
| Nouveau | tzijib /tsihib/ | tsijib /tsihiɓ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | achʼ /atʃʼ/ | — | yajkʼachil /jahkʼatʃil/ | túumben /tuːmben/ |
| Rouge | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chächäk /tʃɨtʃɨk/ | tsajal /tsahal/ | chak /tʃak/ | chäk /tʃɨk/ | chak /tʃak/ | chak /tʃak/ |
| Blanc | säk /sæk/ | säsäk /sɨsɨk/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ | säk /sək/ | sak /sak/ | sak /sak/ |
| Noir | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | iʼikʼ /iʔikʼ/ | ijkʼal /ihkʼal/ | ikʼ /ikʼ/ | — | kʼikʼ /kʼikʼ/ | box /boʃ/ |
| Vert | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Bleu | yäx /jɨʃ/ | yäjyäx /jɨhjɨʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | yax /jaʃ/ | — | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ | yaʼax /jaʔaʃ/ |
| Orange | aranxax /aranʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | alaxax /alaʃaʃ/ | — | — | naranja /naranha/ | pakʼáal /pakʼaːl/ |
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